ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Cour Description
The College Board
The College Board is a not-for-profi t membership association who mission is to connect students
男性英文名字to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the association is compod of more than
5,600 schools, colleges, universities, and other educational organizations. Each year, the College Board rves ven million students and their parents, 23,000 high schools, and 3,800 colleges through major programs and rvices in college admissions, guidance, asssment, fi nancial aid, enrollment, and teaching and learning. Among its best-known programs are the SAT®, the PSAT/NMSQT®,
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and the Advanced Placement Program® (AP®). The College Board is committed to the principles of excellence and equity, and that commitment is embodied in all of its programs, rvices, activities, and concerns.
For further information
The College Board and the Advanced Placement Program encourage teachers, AP Coordinators,
and school administrators to make equitable access a guiding principle for their AP programs. The College Board is committed to the principle that all students derve an opportunity to participate in rigorous and academically challenging cours and programs. All students who are willing to accept the challenge of a rigorous academic curriculum should be considered for admission to AP cours. The Board encourages the elimination of barriers that restrict access to AP cours for students from ethnic, racial, and socioeconomic groups that have been traditionally underreprented in the AP Program. Schools should make every effort to ensure that their AP class refl ect the diversity of their student population.
© 2009 The College Board. All rights rerved. College Board, Advanced Placement Program, AP, AP Central, SAT, and the acorn logo are registered trademarks of the College Board. PSAT/NMSQT
is a registered trademark of the College Board and National Merit Scholarship Corporation. All other products and rvices may be trademarks of their respective owners. Permission to u copyrighted College Board materials may be requested online at: /inquiry/cbpermit.html.
Contents
Welcome to the AP Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 AP Cours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 AP Exams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 AP Cour Audit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 AP Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 AP Exam Grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Credit and Placement for AP Grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Setting Credit and Placement Policies for AP Grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 AP Environmental Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 The Cour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Prerequisites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Textbooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Topic Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Laboratory and Field Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Instructional Issues: Training, Funding, and Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 The Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Sample Multiple-Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Sample Free-Respon Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Teacher Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 AP Central () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 AP Publications and Other Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Teacher’s Guides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Cour Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Relead Exams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
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Welcome to the AP® Program末路狂澜
For over 50 years, the College Board’s Advanced Placement Program (AP) has partnered with colleges, universities, and high schools to provide students with the opportunity to take college-level cour work and exams while still in high school. Offering more than 30 different subjects, each culminating in a rigorous exam, AP provides motivated and academically prepared students with the
opportunity to earn college credit or placement and helps them stand out in the college admissions process. Taught by dedicated, passionate AP teachers who bring cutting-edge content knowledge and expert teaching skills to the classroom, AP cours help students develop the study skills, habits of mind, and critical thinking skills that they will need in college.
AP is accepted by more than 3,600 colleges and universities worldwide for college credit, advanced placement, or both on the basis of successful AP Exam grades. This includes over 90 percent of four-year institutions in the United States.
More information about the AP Program is available at the back of this Cour Description and at AP Central®, the College Board’s online home for AP teachers (). Students can fi nd more information at the AP student site (/apstudents).prescription
2010高考英语AP Cours
More than 30 AP cours in a wide variety of subject areas are now available. A committee of college faculty and master AP teachers designs each AP cour to cover the information, skills, and assignments found in the corresponding college cour. AP Exams
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Each AP cour has a corresponding exam that participating schools worldwide administer in May. Except for AP Studio Art, which is a portfolio asssment, each AP Exam contains a free-respon ction (essays, problem solving, oral respons, etc.) as well as multiple-choice questions.
Written by a committee of college and university faculty and experienced AP teachers, the AP Exam is the culmination of the AP cour and provides students with the opportunity to earn credit and/or placement in college. Exams are scored by college professors and experienced AP teachers using scoring standards developed by the committee.
AP Cour Audit
The intent of the AP Cour Audit is to provide condary and higher education constituents with the assurance that an “AP” designation on a student’s transcript is credible, meaning the AP Program has authorized a cour that has met or exceeded the curricular requirements and classroom resources that demonstrate the academic rigor of a comparable college cour. To receive authorization from the College Board to label a cour “AP,” teachers must participate in the AP Cour Audit. Cours authorized to u the “AP” designation are listed in the AP Cour Ledger made available to colleges and universities each fall. It is the school’s responsibility to ensure that its AP Cour Ledger entry accurately refl ects the AP cours offered within each academic year.
The AP Program unequivocally supports the principle that each individual school must develop its own curriculum for cours labeled “AP.” Rather than mandating any one curriculum for AP cours, the AP Cour Audit instead provides each AP teacher with a t of expectations that college and condary school faculty nationwide have established for college-level cours. AP teachers are encouraged to develop or main-tain their own curriculum that either includes or exceeds each of the expectations; such cours will be authorized to u the “AP” designation. Credit for the success of AP cours belongs to the individual schools and teachers that create powerful, locally designed AP curricula.
Complete information about the AP Cour Audit is available llegeboard .com/apcouraudit.
AP Reading
AP Exams—with the exception of AP Studio Art, which is a portfolio asssment—consist of dozens of multiple-choice questions scored by machine, and free-respon questions scored at the annual AP Reading by thousands of college faculty and expert AP teachers. AP Readers u scoring standards developed by college and university faculty who teach the corresponding college cour.
The AP Reading offers educators both signifi cant professional development and the opportunity to network with colleagues. For more information about the AP Reading, or to apply to rve as a Reader, /readers.
AP Exam Grades
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The Readers’ scores on the free-respon questions are combined with the results of the computer-scored multiple-choice questions; the weighted raw scores are summed to give a composite score. The composite score is then converted to a grade on AP’s 5-point scale:
AP GRADE QUALIFICATION
5 Extremely well qualifi ed
4 Well qualifi ed
nervous怎么读英语4级报名3 Qualifi ed
2 Possibly qualifi ed
1 No recommendation
AP Exam grades of 5 are equivalent to A grades in the corresponding college cour. AP Exam grades of 4 are equivalent to grades of A –, B+, and B in college. AP Exam grades of 3 are equivalent to grades of B –, C+, and C in college.
