TOURISM DESTINATION PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
To identify the major elements of a tourism destination plan
To understand the concept of master or comprehensive planning in tourism development
To understand the importance of tourism destination planning
To understand the factors that influence the tourism planning process
KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS
Action plan
Carrying capacity
Comprehensive master plan
Condominium
Demand analysis
Destination planning
Financial feasibility
Integrated resort development
Land u planning
Mixed u
Private ctor
Public ctor
Resort master plan北京德威英国国际学校
Self-contained resort destination
Shoreline tback
Strategic plan
Supply analysis
进行
Sustainable tourism development
Tourism gateway
against的用法INTRODUCTION
英译汉翻译工具Tourism provides a major economic development opportunity for many countries and a means of improving the livelihoods of its residents. Both the public and private ctors involved in tourism depend on planning to achieve sustainable tourism development that respects the local community,
creates appropriate employment, maintains the natural environment, and delivers a quality visitor experience. However, many tourism destinations have pursued development without proper planning and without considering the many impacts such development will bring to the community.
This ssion will discuss tourism planning approaches to achieve the goals and objectives of tourism development for a destination. For the purpos of discussion, a tourism destination can mean an entire country, a region, an island, a resort area, or a single project. The tourism plan is generally a formal document to guide both public ctor and private ctor development activities. Destination planning includes many different forms of planning such as economic development planning, land u planning, infrastructure planning, and social rvices planning and involves many groups with different perspectives including governments, private investors and developers, and local communities.
THE TOURISM PLANNING PROCESS
Levels of Tourism Planning
Tourism planning is implemented at different levels from the general level which may apply to an entire country or region down to the local level which may apply to detailed planning for specific reso
rt. What is important to emphasize is the tourism planning and development must be integrated among all levels to take
into account different levels of concern and to avoid duplication of efforts and policies. Each level involves different considerations as follows:
职称英语多少分合格International level - Tourism planning at the international level involves more than one country and includes areas such as international transportation rvices, joint tourism marketing, regional
tourism polices and standards, cooperation between ctors of member countries, and other
cooperative concerns.
National level - Tourism planning at the national level is concerned with national tourism policy, structure planning, transportation networks within the country, major tourism attractions, national
level facility and rvice standards, investment policy, tourism education and training, and
marketing of tourism.
客人英语Regional level – Tourism planning at the regional level generally is done by provinces, states, or prefectures involving regional policy and infrastructure planning, regional access and transportation
英语 单词network, and other related functions at the regional level.
Local or community level- Tourism planning at the local level involves subregions, cities, towns, villages, resorts, rural areas and some tourist attractions. This level of planning may focus on
tourism area plans, land u planning for resorts, and planning for other tourism facilities and
attractions.
Site planning level - Site planning refers to planning for specific location of buildings and structures, recreational facilities, conrvation and landscape areas and other facilities carried out
for specific development sites such as tourism resorts and may also involve the design of buildings,
structures, landscaping and engineering design bad on the site plan.
Importance of Planning
Tourism planning is primarily economic development planning that is directed towards tourism-related objectives which differ between the public ctor and the private ctor. In the public ctor, most planning is done by different levels of government. Public ctor tourism planning includes consideration of economic and social factors, land u policies and zoning controls, environmental concerns, infrastructure development, employment concerns, and the provision of public rvices. Private ctor tourism planning is usually concerned
with investment objectives involving various aspects of product development, building and design, financial feasibility, marketing, management and operations.
Tourism planning is important becau it provides a common vision, direction and commitment for tourism which are the result of participation of many reprentatives. The process of tourism planning includes:
Asssing the possible impacts of development and the resource problems which will be faced
Analyzing the competitive status of a destination and its ability to respond to changes in the travel market
Providing a level of stability and predictability in the progress of the overall development of tourism in a given area.
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Tourism Master Plan
Many tourism destinations have an overall or general plan that includes all aspects of the tourism development process. This is often referred to as the tourism master plan and sometimes called the comprehensive master plan. A master plan for a destination will vary by project depending on the type of destination being developed, its current level of development, and the theory or style of planning being ud. Elements of a master plan usually include economic development, human resources, environmental impacts and social and cultural impacts. Master plans are designed to cover a certain time frame or period such as a five-year plan or a ten-year plan.
Elements of a Tourism Destination Plan
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Tourism destination plans generally include the following elements:
Tourism Demand Analysis - Demand analysis examines the existing and intended visitor markets for the destination. It involves a market analysis that examines the likely tourist arrivals and
characteristics and the travel patterns and trends of the markets. Demand analysis is esntial in
understanding the competitiveness of the destination with other tourism destinations with similar
attractions.
Tourism Supply Analysis - Supply analysis examines the destination itlf including its attractions, accommodations, and facilities. The analysis should include transportation, infrastructure, human
resources, and other factors which have a direct or significant impact on the quality of the visitor experience. In the asssment of a new development for a previously undeveloped area, site lection is an important element and the analysis will examine various locations or sites for
propod hotels and commercial buildings. In the ca of lf-contained resort destinations where planning is for integrated resort development, consideration must be given to a number of factors including:
Relationship of the site to tourist attractions
Desirability of climate
Attractiveness of physical environment
Availability of land for development
Access to tourism gateways and regional attractions
Adequate transportation and utilities infrastructure
Attitudes of the resident population to the development
Availability of a local work force and sufficient housing
Tourism Impact Analysis - Two of the most important impacts in a tourism plan are the environmenta
l impacts and the social-cultural (socio-cultural) impacts of development. While tourism generally is considered environmentally friendly, sustainable tourism development places a high priority on prervation of the environment including land u, water quality, natural scenery, and waste disposal. An important goal of tourism planning should be to protect the natural tting and avoid exploitation of the natural resources. Many analys include a study of the carrying capacity of a destination which defines the environmental and physical limits and ability of the destination to accommodate a given level of visitors with the least destruction to the natural
resources. Social-cultural impacts concern the pressures and changes that tourism might bring to the resident population in a particular destination. Tourism can have both beneficial and harmful effects on local culture as a result of the u of culture as a tourist attraction and the direct contact between residents and tourists.
Economic and Financial Analysis - For most destinations, economic development is the primary reason for tourism development. Tourism is viewed as a source of visitor expenditures which will
benefit the local economy, creating spending and employment while increasing the standard of
living of the local population. However, the economic perspective differs between the public ctor
or government and the private ctor. For the public ctor, the economic benefit for the local
community is the most important concern. In the economic analysis for the public ctor, the areas
which are examined are the type of visitor and spending habits of the visitors, the products and
rvices that the visitors ek, the importation costs and supply of goods required by visitors, the
costs related to infrastructure development and maintaining an adequate work force with the
required skills and training for the industry. The economic effects of tourism include changing work
and consumption patterns, standards of living, and social roles and practices. For the private
ctor, financial risk and profitability are the primary concerns including the sources of capital for
the planned project, extent of foreign ownership or control, wage rates for the local labor force, and
availability of private ctor funds for investment.
Action Plan and Recommendations – The action plan is the final product of the planning process and will depend on the goals of the plan. It generally includes a summary and analysis of all of the
data ud in the planning process and includes strategies, guidelines, recommendations, andhonor是什么意思
schedules for development.
HAWAII’S TOURISM PLANNING EXPERIENCE
Although tourism is now Hawaii’s most important economic activity, for most of the last century, Hawaii’s agricultural and military defen ctors comprid about 70 percent of its economy. Tourism did not begin its rapid growth until 1960 and became the most important economic activity only in the early 1970s.
In 1960, the primary visitor destinations area in Hawaii was Waikiki on the island of Oahu, and Waikiki continues to dominate the tourism industry with almost 50% of the total available accommodations for visitors in Hawaii. Prior to 1960, Hawaii had no state tourism planning but as visitor numbers grew in the decade, it became clear to the state government that a plan was necess
ary that established the goals, objectives, policies and guidelines for tourism development. In 1960, the Hawaii state government developed its first statewide plan called Visitor Destination Areas in Hawaii. The plan identified visitor destination areas throughout the major islands of Hawaii for further tourism development. The criteria for lection of the destination areas
