Designation:D395–03
Standard Test Methods for
Rubber Property—Compression Set1
This standard is issued under thefixed designation D395;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the ca of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parenthes indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for u by agencies of the Department of Defen.
1.Scope
1.1The test methods cover the testing of rubber intended for u in applications in which the rubber will be subjected to compressive stress in air or liquid media.They are applicable particularly to the rubber ud in machinery mountings,vibra-tion dampers,and als.Two test methods are covered as follows:
Test Method Section A—Compression Set Under Constant Force in Air7–10
B—Compression Set Under Constant Deflection in Air11–14 1.2The choice of test method is optional,but consideration should be given to the nature of the rvice for which correlation of test results may be sought.Unless otherwi stated in a detailed specification,Test Method B shall be ud.
1.3Test Method B is not suitable for vulcanizates harder than90IRHD.
1.4The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its u.It is the responsibility of the ur of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health prac
tices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to u.
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2.Referenced Documents
2.1ASTM Standards:
D1349Practice for Rubber—Standard Temperatures for Testing2
D3182Practice for Rubber—Materials,Equipment,and Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Prepar-ing Standard Vulcanized Sheets2
D3183Practice for Rubber—Preparation of Pieces for Test Purpos from Products2
D3767Practice for Rubber—Measurement of Dimensions2 D4483Practice for Determining Precision for Test Meth-ods Standards in the Rubber and Carbon Black Industries2
E145Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens3
3.Summary of Test Methods
3.1A test specimen is compresd to either a deflection or by a specified force and maintained under
this condition for a specified time and at a specified temperature.
3.2The residual deformation of a test specimen is measured 30min after removal from a suitable compression device in which the specimen had been subjected for a definite time to compressive deformation under specified conditions.
3.3After the measurement of the residual deformation,the compression t,as specified in the appropriate test method,is calculated according to Eq1and Eq2.
4.Significance and U
4.1Compression t tests are intended to measure the ability of rubber compounds to retain elastic properties after pro-longed action of compressive stress.The actual stressing rvice may involve the maintenance of a definite deflection, the constant application of a known force,or the rapidly repeated deformation and recovery resulting from intermittent compressive forces.Though the latter dynamic stressing,like the others,produces compression t,its effects as a whole are simulated more cloly by compressionflexing or hysteresis tests.Therefore,compression t tests are considered to be mainly applicable to rvice conditions involving static stress.Tests are frequently conducted at elevated tempera-tures.
5.Test Specimens
5.1Specimens from each sample may be tested in duplicate (Option1)or triplicate(Option2).The compression t of the sample in Option1shall be the average of the two specimens expresd as a percentage.The compression t of the sample in Option2shall be the median(middle most value)of the three specimens expresd as a percentage.
5.2The standard test specimen shall be a cylindrical disk cut from a laboratory prepared slab.
5.2.1The dimensions of the standard specimens shall be:
1The test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11on
Rubber and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.10on Physical
Testing.
Current edition approved Aug.10,2003.Published September2003.Originally
approved in1934.Last previous edition approved in2002as D395–02.
2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol09.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol14.04.鸭子的英文
1
Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.
Type1A2B
Thickness,mm(in.)12.560.5
(0.4960.02)
6.060.2 (0.2460.01)
Diameter,mm(in.)29.060.5
(1.1460.02)
13.060.2 (0.5160.01)
A Type1specimen is ud in Test Methods A and B.
B Type2specimen is ud in Test Method B.
5.2.2When cutting the standard specimen,the circular die having the required inside dimensions specified in5.2.1shall be rotated in a drill press or similar device and lubricated by means of a soap solution.A minimum distance of13mm(0.51 in.)shall be maintained between the cutting edge of the die and the edge of the slab.The cutting pressure shall be as light as possible to minimize cupping of the cut edges.The dies shall be maintained carefully so that the cutting edges are sharp and free of nicks.
5.3An optional method of preparing the standard specimen may be the direct molding of a circular disk having the dimensions required for the test method ud and specified in 5.2.1.
N OTE1—It should be recognized that an equal time and temperature,if ud for both the slab and molded specimen,will not produce an equivalent state of cure in the two types of specimen.A higher degree of cure will be obtained in the molded specimen.Adjustments,preferably in the time of cure,must be taken into consideration if comparisons between the specimens prepared by different methods are to be considered valid. N OTE2—It is suggested,for the purpo of uniformity and clor tolerances in the molded specimen,that the dimensions of the mold be specified and shrinkag
e compensated for therein.A two-plate mold with a cavity13.060.1mm(0.51060.004in.)in thickness and29.2060.05 mm(1.14860.002in.)in diameter,with overflow grooves,will provide Type1specimens for Test Method A and Test Method B.A similar mold but having a cavity of6.360.3mm(0.2560.012in.)in thickness and 13.260.1mm(0.5260.004in.)in diameter will provide Type2 specimens for Test Method B.
5.4When the standard test specimen is to be replaced by a specimen taken from a vulcanized rubber part of greater thickness than the one indicated in5.2.1,the sample thickness shall be reducedfirst by cutting transverly with a sharp knife and then followed by buffing to the required thickness in accordance with Practice D3183.
5.5An alternative method of preparing specimens is by plying up cylindrical disks cut from a standard sheet prepared in accordance with Practice D3182using the specimen sizes specified in5.2.1and cutting as described in5.2.2,or where a drill press is not available cutting the specimens with a single stroke from a cutting die.
5.5.1The disks shall be plied,without cementing,to the thickness required.Such plies shall be smooth,flat,of uniform thickness,and shall not exceed ven in number for Type1 specimens and four in number for Type2specimens.
5.5.2Care shall be taken during handling and placing of the plied test specimen in the testfixture by keeping the circular faces parallel and at right angles to the axis of the cylinder.
5.5.3The results obtained on plied specimens may be different from tho obtained using solid specimens and the results may be variable,particularly if air is trapped between disks.
5.5.4The results obtained on the specimens prepared by one of the methods may be compared only to tho prepared by the same method.
5.6For routine or product specification testing,it is some-times more convenient to prepare specimens of a different size or shape,or both.When such specimens are ud,the results should be compared only with tho obtained from specimens of similar size and shape and not with tho obtained with standard specimen.For such cas,the product specification should define the specimen as to the size and shape.If suitable specimens cannot be prepared from the product,the test method and allowable limits must be agreed upon between the producer and the purchar.
6.Conditioning
6.1Store all vulcanized test specimens or product samples to be tested at least24h but not more tha
n60days.When the date of vulcanization is not known,make tests within60days after delivery by the producer of the article reprented by the specimen.
6.2Allow buffed specimens to rest at least30min before specimens are cut for testing.
6.3Condition all specimens before testing for a minimum of 3h at2362°C(73.463.6°F).Specimens who compression t properties are affected by atmospheric moisture shall be conditioned for a minimum of24h in an atmosphere controlled to5065%relative humidity.
7.Precision and Bias4
7.1The precision statements have been prepared in ac-cordance with Practice D4483.Plea refer to Practice D4483 for terminology and other testing and statistical concepts.
新东方考研英语词汇7.2Prepared test specimens of two rubbers for Test Methods
A and
B were supplied tofive laboratories.The were tested in duplicate each day on two parate testing days.A test result, therefore,is the average of two test specimens,for both Test Methods A and B.
7.3One laboratory did not run the Test Method A testing; therefore,the precision for Test Method A is derived from four laboratories.
7.4The Type1precision results are given in Table1and Table2.
4Supporting data have beenfiled at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Rearch Report RR:D11–1138.
TABLE1Type1Precision Results,%Compression Set—Test
Method A
Material
Mean
Level
Within Laboratory A Between Laboratory A
S r r(r)S R R(R)
1 1.73(%)0.0500.1428.20.1900.5431.1 226.10.898 2.549.7 2.37 6.7125.7
A S
r
=within laboratory standard deviation.
r=repeatability(in measurement units).
(r)
英语作文 自我介绍
=repeatability(in percent).
S R=between laboratory standard deviation. R=reproducibility(in measurement units). (R)=reproducibility(in percent).kiyomi什么意思
7.5Bias—In test method statistical terminology,bias is the difference between an average test value and the reference or true test property value.Reference values do not exist for the test methods since the value or level of the test property is exclusively defined by the test method.Bias,therefore,cannot be determined.
TEST METHOD A—COMPRESSION SET UNDER
CONSTANT FORCE IN AIR
8.Apparatus上海哪里有成人英语培训
8.1Dial Micrometer—A dial micrometer,for measuring specimen thickness,in accordance with Practice3767,Method A1.
8.2Compression Device,consisting of a force application spring and two parallel compression plates asmbled by
means of a frame or threaded bolt in such a manner that the device shall be portable and lf-contained after the force has been applied and that the parallelism of the plates shall be maintained.The force may be applied in accordance with either 8.2.1or8.2.2.
8.2.1Calibrated Spring Force Application—The required force shall be applied by a screw mechanism for compressing a calibrated spring the proper amount.The spring shall be of properly heat-treated spring steel with ends ground and per-pendicular to the longitudinal axis of the spring.A suitable compression device is shown in Fig. 1.The spring shall conform to the following requirements:
8.2.1.1The spring shall be calibrated at room temperature 2365°C(73.469°F)by applying successive increments of force not exceeding250N(50lbf)and measuring the corresponding deflection to the nearest0.2mm(0.01in.).The curve obtained by plotting the forces against the corresponding deflections shall have a slope of7063.5kN/m(400620 lbf/in.)at1.8kN(400lbf).The slope is obtained by dividing the two forces above and below1.8kN by the difference between the corresponding deflections.
8.2.1.2The original dimensions of the spring shall not change due to fatigue by more than0.3mm(0.01in.)after it has been mounted in the compression device,compresd under a force of1.8kN(400lbf),and heated in the oven for one week at70°C62°C(15863.6°F).In ordinary u,a weekly check of the dimensions shall show no greater change than this over a period of1year.
8.2.1.3The minimum force required to clo the spring (solid)shall be2.4kN(530lbf).
8.2.2External Force Application—The required force shall be applied to the compression plates and spring by external means after the test specimen is mounted in the apparatus. Either a calibrated compression machine or known mass may be ud for force application.Provision shall be made by the u of bolts and nuts or other devices to prevent the specimen and spring from losing their initial deflections when the external force is removed.The spring shall have esntially the same characteristics as described in8.2.1,but calibration is not required.A suitable compression device is shown in Fig.2.
8.3Plates—The plates between which the test specimen is compresd shall be made of steel of sufficient thickness to withstand the compressive stress without bending.
8.3.1The surfaces against which the specimen is held shall have a chromium platedfinish and shall be cleaned thoroughly and wiped dry before each test.
8.3.2The steel surfaces contacting the rubber specimens shall be ground to a maximum roughness of250µm(10µin.) and then chromium plated and polished.
8.3.3The chromium plating and subquent polishing shall not affect thefinalfinish beyond the tolerance stated in8.3.2. N OTE3—The specifications regarding the surface roughness(smooth-ness)
of the contact surfaces of the plates is to be considered only at the time of manufacture or refurbishing as it is not a property that is easily determined in the cour of routine u.The suitability for the u of the device is to be determined by the ur.
8.4Oven,conforming to the specification for a Type IIB laboratory oven given in Specification E145.
TABLE2Type1Precision Results,%Compression Set—Test
Method B
Material Mean
Level
Within Laboratory A Between Laboratory A
S r r(r)S R R(R)
113.7(%)0.591 1.6712.2 1.54 4.3631.8 252.80.567 1.60 3.0 5.9216.831.7 A S
r
=within laboratory standard deviation.
r=repeatability(in measurement units).
(r)=repeatability(in percent).
S R=between laboratory standard deviation.
R=reproducibility(in measurement units).
(R)=reproducibility(in percent).
8.4.1Type IIB ovens specified in Test Method E145are satisfactory for u through70°C.For higher Temperatures Type II A ovens are necessary.
8.4.2The interior size shall be as follows or of an equivalent volume:
Interior size of air oven:
min.300bt300mm by300mm(12by12by12
in.)
max.900by900by1200mm(36by36by48in.) 8.4.3Provision shall be made for placing test specimens in the oven without touching each other or the sides of the aging chamber.
8.4.4The heating medium for the aging chamber shall be air circulated within it at atmospheric pressure.
8.4.5The source of heat is optional but shall be located in the air supply outside of the aging chamber.
8.4.6A suitable temperature measurement device located in the upper central portion of the chamber near the test speci-mens shall be provided to record the actual aging temperature.
8.4.7Automatic temperature control by means of thermo-static regulation shall be ud.
8.4.8The following special precautions shall be taken in order that accurate,uniform heating is obtained in all parts of the aging chamber.
8.4.8.1The heated air shall be thoroughly circulated in the oven by means of mechanical agitation.When a motor driven fan is ud,the air must not come in contact with the fan motor brush discharge becau of danger of ozone formation.
8.4.8.2Baffles shall be ud as required to prevent local overheating and dead spots.
8.4.8.3The thermostatic control device shall be so located as to give accurate temperature control of the heating medium. The preferred location is adjacent to the temperature measuring device listed in ction8.4.6.
8.4.8.4An actual check shall be made by means of maxi-mum reading thermometers placed in various parts of the oven to verify the uniformity of the heating.
9.Procedure
9.1Original Thickness Measurement—Measure the original thickness of the specimen to the nearest0.02mm(0.001in.). Place the specimen on the anvil of the dial micrometer so that the presr foot will indicate the thickness at the central portion of the top and bottom faces.
9.2Application of Compressive Force—Asmble the specimens in the compression device,using extreme care to place them exactly in the center between the plates to avoid tilting.If the calibrated spring device(e Fig.1)is ud,apply the compressive force by tightening the screw until the deflection as read from the scale is equivalent to that shown on the calibration curve for the spring c
orresponding to a force of 1.8kN(400lbf).With the external loading device(e Fig.2), apply this force to the asmbly in the compression machine or by adding required mass,but in the latter ca,take care to add the mass gradually without shock.Tighten the nuts and bolts just sufficiently to hold the initial deflections of the specimen and spring.It is imperative that no additional force be applied in tightening the bolts.
9.3Test Time and Test Temperature—Choo a suitable temperature and time for the compression t,depending upon the conditions of the expected rvice.In comparative tests,u identical temperature and heating periods.It is suggested that the test temperature be chon from tho listed in Practice D1349.Suggested test periods are22h and70h.The specimen shall be at room temperature when inrted in the compression device.Place the asmbled compression device in the oven within2h after completion of the asmbly and allow it to remain there for the required test period in dry air at the test temperature lected.At the end of the test period,take the device from the oven and remove the specimens immedi-ately and allow it to cool.
9.4Cooling Period—While cooling,allow the specimens to rest on a poor thermally conducting surface,such as wood,for 30min before making the measurement of thefinal thickness. Conduct the cooling period at a standard laboratory tempera-ture of2362°C(73.463.6°F).Specimens who compr
es-sion t property is affected by atmospheric moisture shall be cooled in an atmosphere controlled to5065%relative humidity.
9.5Final Thickness Measurement—After the rest period, measure thefinal thickness at the center of the specimen in accordance with9.1.
10.Calculation
10.1Calculate the compression t as a percentage of the original thickness as follows:
C A5@~t o2t i!/t o#3100(1)
scz
where:
C A =Compression t (Test Method A)as a percentage of
the original thickness,
t o =original thickness (e 9.1),and t i =final thickness (e 9.5).11.Report
11.1Report the following information:
11.1.1Original dimensions of the test specimen,including the original thickness,t o ,
11.1.2Actual compressive force on the specimen as deter-mined from the calibration curve of the spring and spring deflection reading (e 8.2.1)or as applied by an external force (e 8.2.2),
11.1.3Thickness of the test specimen 30min after removal from the clamp,t i ,
11.1.4Type of test specimen ud,together with the time and temperature of test,
11.1.5Compression t,expresd as a percentage of the original thickness,
11.1.6Test method ud (Test Method A),and 11.1.7Number of specimens tested.
TEST METHOD B—COMPRESSION SET UNDER
CONSTANT DEFLECTION IN AIR 12.Apparatus
12.1Dial Micrometer —A dial micrometer,for measuring the specimen thickness,in accordance with Practice D 3767,Method A 1.
N OTE 4—For vulcanizates having a hardness below 35IRHD,the force on the presr foot should be reduced to 0.260.05N (0.0460.01lbf).
12.2Spacer Bars ,to maintain the constant deflection re-quired under Test Method B.
12.2.1Spacer bars for Type 1samples shall have a thickness of 9.560.02mm (0.37560.001in.).
12.2.2Spacer bars for Type 2samples shall have a thickness of 4.5060.01mm (0.177060.0005in.).
提问题
12.3Compression Device ,consisting of two or more flat steel plates between the parallel faces of which the specimens may be compresd as shown in Fig.3.Steel spacers for the required percentage of compression given in 13.2shall be placed on each side of the rubber specimens to control their thickness while compresd.the steel surfaces contacting the rubber specimens shall be ground to a maximum roughness of 250µm (10µin.)and then chromium plated and polished (e Note 3).
12.4Oven ,e 8.4.
12.5Plates —The plates between which the test specimen is compresd shall be made of steel of sufficient thickness to withstand the compressive stress without bending.
12.5.1The surfaces against which the specimen is held shall have a chromium-plated finish and shall be cleaned thoroughly and wiped dry before each test.
12.5.2The steel surfaces contacting the rubber specimens shall be ground to a maximum roughness of 250µm (10µin.)and then chromium plated and polished.
12.5.3The chromium plating and subquent polishing shall not affect the final finish beyond the tolerance stated in 12.5.2.13.Procedure
13.1Original Thickness Measurement —Measure the origi-nal thickness of the specimen to the nearest 0.02mm (0.001in.).Place the specimen on the anvil of the dial micrometer so that the presr foot will indicate the thickness at the central portion of the top and bottom faces.
13.2Application of Compressive Force —Place the test specimen between the plates of the compression device with the spacers on each side,allowing sufficient clearance for the bulging of the rubber when compresd (e Fig.3).Where a lubricant is applied,it shall consist of a thin coating of
a lubricant having substantially no action on the rubber.For most purpos,a silicon or fluorosilicon fluid is suitable.Tighten the bolts so that the plates are drawn together uniformly until they are in contact with the spacers.The amount of compression employed shall be approximately 25%.A suitable mechanical or hydraulic device may be ud to facilitate asmbling and disasmbling the test fixture.
13.3Test Time and Temperature —Choo a suitable tem-perature and time for the compression t,depending upon the conditions of the expected rvice.In comparative tests,u identical temperature and test periods.It is suggested that the test temperature be chon from tho listed in Practice D 1349.Suggested test periods are 22h and 70h.The test specimen shall be at room temperature when inrted in the compression device.Place the asmbled compression device in the oven within 2h after completion of the asmbly and allow it to remain there for the required test period in dry air at the test temperature lected.At the end of the test period,take the device from the oven and remove the test specimen immediately and allow them to cool.
13.4Cooling Period —While cooling,allow the test speci-men to rest on a poor thermally conducting surface,such as wood,for 30min before making the measurement of the final thickness.Maintain the conditions during the cooling period in accordance with 9.4.
13.5Final Thickness Measurement —After the rest period,measure the final thickness at the center of the test specimen in accordance with 13.1.14.Calculation
14.1Calculate the compression t expresd as a percent-age of the original deflection as follows:
C B 5@~t o 2t i !/~t o 2t n !#3100
stranger什么意思圣诞英文歌(2)
FIG.3Device for Compression Set Test Under Constant
Deflection,Test Method
B
