Mitsunobu反应
Mitsunobu反应(光延反应)是⼀种双分⼦亲核取代反应(SN2反应)。1967年, Mitsunobu 报导了在三苯基膦(PPh3)和偶氮⼆甲酸⼆⼄酯(DEAD)作⽤下酸和醇缩合成酯的新⽅法。当底物为仲醇的时候,与羟基相连的碳原⼦的构型会发⽣翻转。经过多年的研究和发展,形成了⼀⼤类合成⽅法,我们称之为Mitsunobu 反应。这类反应被⼴泛应⽤在有机合成,特别是天然产物的合成中。其反应可表⽰为:
反应特点:⼀、伯醇和仲醇可以进⾏Mitsunobu反应,仲醇⼿性翻转,叔醇不反应;⼆、亲核试剂质⼦的pKa值必须⼩于甜菜碱式中间体(betaineintermediate)的pKa 值(~13)【最全化合物pKa表】,否则亲核试剂的质⼦不能被中间体夺取;三、氧亲核试剂主要产物为酯和醚,硫亲核试剂主要得到硫醚,氮亲核试剂常见的有酰亚胺,羟胺,杂环氮和叠氮酸;四、此反应也可以⽣成碳碳键,亲核试剂主要是活性亚甲基化合物,如β-⼆酮,β-酮酸酯等等,但β-⼆酯活性达不到;五、可以进⾏分⼦内反应,三元、四元、五元、六元和七元环醚和环胺可以⽤此反应制备;六、⽤酰卤,卤化锌或卤化锂作为卤离⼦源,可以把醇转化为相应的卤化物;七、低极性的溶剂有利于反应,通常⽤四氢呋喃,⼄醚,⼆氯甲烷和甲苯作为溶剂,有时候⼄酸⼄酯,⼄腈和DMF也⽤作溶剂;⼋、PPh3和 P(n-Bu)3是最常⽤的膦配体,常⽤的偶氮⼆羧酸酯是DEAD 和 DIAD,反应中此两种试剂可以互换;九、反应温度通常在0℃到25℃之间,底物的位阻较⼤的反应温度也要提⾼;⼗、投料顺序⾄关重要,⾸先应当将亲核试剂,底物,三苯基膦溶解于适当的溶剂当中,⽐如四氢呋喃(或者⼄醚等),冷⾄零度,然后将DEAD缓慢滴
加,最后在室温下搅拌。若反应不完可以升温到室温或者继续加热进⾏。另外⼀种投料⽅式,是将三苯基膦和DEAD先于溶剂中搅拌,再将底物和亲核试剂依次溶剂加⼊。aside是什么意思
反应机理
Mitsunobu反应机理相当复杂,其中的中间体实体以及它们所起的作⽤仍然有许多争论。先是三苯基膦进攻DEAD形成中间体,夺取羧酸(或其他亲核试剂)质⼦,醇进攻膦正离⼦中⼼形成氧膦离⼦,⽽DEAD脱落下来形成肼的副产物。亲核试剂反向进攻烷氧鏻中间体,⽣成产物和三苯基氧膦副产物。
反应应⽤
⼀、醇的翻转
⽤p-硝基苯甲酸(PNBA)作为亲核试剂对⽴体位阻较⼤的醇的翻转更有效,p-硝基苯甲酸(PNBA)还能有效地抑制副反应:醇的消除。所以,在Mitsunobu 反应中,通常使⽤p-硝基苯甲酸(PNBA)作为亲核试剂。
【 J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 2544】avoid造句
Tsunoda等发现,对于位阻较⼤的醇,TMAD(N, N, N’, N’-tetramethyl- azodicarboxamide) 和三丁基膦的体系效果⽐较好。
【 Tetrahedron. Letter 1995, 36, 2529】。
11月 英文he loves you so⼆、Mitsunobu醚化反应
在Mitsunobu 反应中,羟基也可以作为亲核试剂参与SN2取代,结果是⽣成醚。但通常只限于酚羟基和pKa<13的羟基,否则反应不能进⾏。
A solution of benzyl alcohol (0.200 g, 1.85 mmol), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (0.226 g, 1.85 mmol), and PPh3(0.582 g,
2.22 mmol) was stirred in dry THF (20 mL) at 0 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere. To this mixture was added dropwi DIAD (0.44 mL, 2.22 mmol) over a period of 5 min, and the reaction was monitored by TLC. After complete disappearance of starting material (1 h), the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the resulting oil purified by flash column chromatography (hexane/AcOEt, 8/2). Phenyl ether (0.297 g, 76%) was finally obtained as a white powder after precipitation from CH2Cl2/petroleum ether.
【 J. Org. Lett . 2004, 6, 397】
三、Mitsunobu氮取代反应
氨基化合物也可以作为Mitsunobu 反应中的亲核试剂,取代羟基,⽣成取代的氨基化合物。同样,参与反应的胺必须有⾜够的酸性(pKa<13),能被PPh3/DEAD体系夺去质⼦。酰胺,磺酰胺,亚胺和叠氮化合物都可以参与反应。
Hart和Campbell报导2-[(trimethylsilyl)ethyl]sulfonyl(TES)保护的Boc酰胺,在Mitsunobu 氨基取代后,可以去保护⽣成Boc 保护的胺或胺的盐酸盐。
鸵鸟的英文
【 Synlett. 1997, 529】
【 Tetrahedron 2003, 59, 8571–8587】
迷你dvd在Mitsunobu 反应中⽤叠氮取代羟基,然后还原,便能得到伯胺。由于叠氮酸使⽤不⽅便,⼀个替代⽅法是⽤diarylphosphoryl azide(DPPA)作为叠氮基团的来源。Taber 和Decher 通过这个⽅法得到了相应的叠氮化合物,产率还不错。
To a cooled solution (-5o C)of DIAD (7.9 g, 93 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added the substituted alchol (7.06g, 18.7 mmol) and PPh3 (10.3 g, 39.1 mmol). After 15 min, diphenylphosphorazidate (DPPA, 12.86 g, 46.77mmol) was added and the reaction mixturewas allowed to warm to room temperature.
After stirring overnight, the solventwas removed in vacuo to give a yellow oil. The crude material was purified byflash column chromatograghy (2:1,PE/Tol) to give the desired product (7.28 g,91%) as a colorless oil.
desired product (7.28 g,91%) as a colorless oil.
The de-protection andhydrogenation were routine operations.
【 J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 4898. 】
katie holmes四、 Mitsunobu硫代反应
活化的硫亲核试剂也能参与Mitsunobu反应,⽣成⼿性翻转的硫酯或硫醚。Merck的Volante第⼀次报导了这种⽅法。
芳⾹类硫醇化合物都有⾜够的活性参与这种反应。
To a solution of 2-[(R)—N-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)amino]-1-propanol(15 g, 85.6 mmol) in THF (200 mL) was added 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (14.3 g,85.6 mmol) and PPh3 (24.7 g, 94.2 mmol). After stirring for 0.25 h asolution of DEAD (14.8 mL, 94.2 mmol) in dry THF (100 mL) was added dropwiover 0.5 h. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at 20oC and filtered. Thefiltrate was evaporated and stirred with EA (100 mL), and the product wascollected by filtration (20.66 g, 74%).
【 J. Med. Chem . 1999, 42, 3463.】
五、Mitsunobu卤代反应
在Mitsunobu 反应中,⽤卤原⼦取代羟基⽣成卤代物也有报导,但其应⽤还不多见。Falck 等报导了通过Mitsunobu 过程合成⼀系列的卤代烃,除了氟代的产率不⾼以外,氯代,溴代和碘代的产率都不错。
权志龙who you歌词
【 Manna, S; Falck, J.R. Synth. Commun . 1985, 15, 663 】
Joulle 等报导脯胺酸衍⽣物在经过Mitsunobu过程后得到⼿性翻转的碘代产物。反应⾸先是⽣成⼀个甲醚中间体,然后在三苯膦的作⽤下发⽣碘代,同时⼿性翻转。
To a flame-driedround-bottomed flask eguipped with a magnetic stir bar and an addition funnelunder N 2 was added N-Boc-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline methyl ester(19.29 g, 0.079 mol), triphenylphosphine (24.78 g, 0.094 mol) and anhydrous THF(2755 mL). The solution was cooled to 0 o C. Diethyl azodicarboxylate(DEAD, 14.9 mL, 0.094 mol) in anhydrous THF (15 mL) was added dropwi,followed by the addition of methyl iodide (5.88 mL, 0.094 mol). Upon
anhydrous THF (15 mL) was added dropwi,followed by the addition of methyl iodide (5.88 mL, 0.094 mol). Upon additionof MeI, the solution turned from dark brown to bright yellow. The reactionmixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stirred for 10 h. Thesolvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude oil was purified bycolumn chromatograghy, eluting with 5% EA/PE to afford the desired product as awhite solid (26.22 g, 93.8%).
越南洗剪吹组合
【 Tetrahedron: Asymm. 1998, 9, 47】
六、其他
关环
【 Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2000, 11, 4407–4416】
碳碳键形成
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参考资料
⼀、维基百科(光延反应词条)
⼆、Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis, László Kürti and Barbara Czakó, Mitsunobu reaction, page 294.
三、药明康德宝典/Mitsunobu反应,谢军编著。
四、Name Reactions (A Collection of Detailed Reaction Mechanisms), Jie Jack Li, Mitsunobu reaction,page 407-408.