英语语法——动词的屈折变换及用法(非现实.祈使.其它)

更新时间:2023-07-26 17:30:36 阅读: 评论:0

英语语法——动词的屈折变换及⽤法(⾮现实.祈使.其它)
1. 动词的屈折变化
什么是动词的屈折变化(inflection)呢?指的就是动词因时态、⼈称的不同⽽采⽤不同的形式,这种形式可能是词尾的变换,例如加后缀-ed、-d、-es、-s,-ing,等等;也可能不仅是词尾的变换,⽐如不规则动词的过去式和过去分词,这种变化可能是整个词都变换了,⽽不只是动词词⼲加后缀形式,例如leave过去式left、take过去式took、等等。
对于规则动词,加后缀后其发⾳变化分为以下三类:
(3) [iz,z,s]
(2) [ɪŋ] (3)
(1)
(1) [id,d,t] (2)
2. 动词屈折变换的应⽤(主要讲不规则的情况)
hyg
动词未产⽣屈折变化时的形式,我们暂且称其为动词词⼲(stem),也有的称为根词(root),或者我们称为原形动词。动词除了原形动词之外,还有另外三种形式,规则情况时分别对应前⾯的三种发⾳,不规则时要参见不规则动词表。
2.1 动词屈折变化可以充当的功能
⽤于引导谓语部分时,充当过去式(preterite,或者past ten;不⽤于引导谓语部分时,充当分词(participle)。
2.1.1 动词过去时态的应⽤
术语过去式(preterite)包括两种完全不相关的动词屈折变化功能:⼀种是过去时态(past ten);另⼀种是情态形式(modal form)。
)和⼀种表达谦虚的过去式(a preterite of ”动词是区分这两种功能的唯⼀⼿段:作为⼀种过去时态(past ten)和⼀种表达谦虚的过去式(
通常,动词“to be”动词是区分这两种功能的唯⼀⼿段:作为⼀种过去时态(
通常,动词“
”⽤于所有⾮现实性(irrealis)语境下,但是,在第⼀
)语境下,但是,在第⼀
”;“were”⽤于所有⾮现实性(
modesty),“
”是单数第⼀⼈称的专⽤形式,其它情况下⽤“were”;“
),“was”是单数第⼀⼈称的专⽤形式,其它情况下⽤“
”替换,特别是英语⼝语中(colloquial English,或称“俗语”)。
,或称“俗语”)。
和第⼆⼈称单数时,也可以使⽤“was”替换,特别是英语⼝语中(
和第⼆⼈称单数时,也可以使⽤“
游乐场英文
动词是词性中唯⼀可以区分时间的部分。其它的词性部分可以在思想上与具体时间关联,例如名词表
达⼀个⾏动;例如,“the conquest of Ireland”(征服爱尔兰)可以指当前、过去、或者未来。可以提到具体的时间:“Ireland in ancient times”;“English pronunciation in the 16th century”。但是名词没有表达时间区分的格式。
2.1.1.1 叙事体体表达的过去时态(Narrative Past Ten)
叙事
表达说话者认为在时间上完全区别于现在的,发⽣在过去的⾏动、或者所处的状态时,使⽤过去时态
表达说话者认为在时间上完全区别于现在的,发⽣在过去的⾏动、或者所处的状态时,使⽤过去时态。这种情况,过去时态使⽤叙事
脱口秀笑星黄西
体(narrative)。例如:
(1) Three hundred years ago the Pilgrim Fathers sailed for America in the Mayflower.
(1)
三百年前,朝圣者之⽗乘坐五⽉花号驶往美国。
(2) “But your hou is not like that.”—“No, my hou is all right; but it is the only dry hou in the whole country round. I (2)
had it built on purpo.”
“但是你的房⼦不像那样”——“不,我的房⼦还可以;但它是全国唯⼀的⼲屋。我是故意建造的。”
2.1.1.2 描述体表达的过去时态(Descriptive Past Ten)
)与叙事体没有任何正式的
这种迭代使⽤(iterative)与叙事体没有任何正式的当使⽤过去时态描述⼀件过去经常重复发⽣的事时,使⽤描述体
描述体(descriptive)⽽⾮叙事体。这种迭代使⽤(
区别,仅仅是这样使⽤使得含义清晰明了。例如:
区别,仅仅是这样使⽤使得含义清晰明了
(1) She spent the intervals of the London ason in ragged schools and workhous. When she wen
t abroad with her family, (1)
she ud her spare time so well that there was hardly a great hospital in Europe with which she was not acquainted.
她在破烂不堪的学校和济贫院度过了伦敦赛季的间歇。 当她和家⼈⼀起出国时,她充分利⽤了业余时间,以⾄于欧洲⼏乎没有⼀家她不熟悉的⼤
医院。
(2) When Farmer Oak smiled, the corners of his mouth spread till they were within an unimportant distance of his ears; ...
(2)
农夫橡树微笑时,嘴⾓张开,直到离⽿朵不重要的距离。
叙事体过去时态有时候⽤于对⽐过去和现在时间。例如:
叙事体过去时态有时候⽤于对⽐过去和现在时间
(1)
(1) “Oh,you did give me a turn,” she exclaimed.
“I thought it was early for the milkman.”
“哦,你确实给过我机会,”她叫道。
“我以为送奶⼯还早。”cheater什么意思
(2)
(2) A: I am sorry Mr. C. is not in. 很报谦,C先在不在。
B: I only called to e how he was. 我只是打电话来看看他怎么样。
(3) A: “Are you going to L. to-night?”“你今晚要去L吗?”。
(3)
B: “Why?” “怎么这么问呢?”
A: “Oh, I wondered.” “哦,我想知道。”
下⾯是⼀则体现时间的⼴告词:
Importance Notice. M.L. supplies all class of domestic rvants with good characters.
重要性通知。 M.L. 为各类家庭佣⼈提供良好品格。
We wondered where some of them got their good characters from.
我们想知道他们中的⼀些⼈从哪⾥得到了他们的好⾓⾊。
)时,有另⼀种专门的格式,即将想要表达的想法表述得⾮常遥不可及,从⽽表达对于叙事体过去时态,当它⽤于表述不情愿(hesitation)时,有另⼀种专门的格式,即将想要表达的想法表述得⾮常遥不可及,从⽽表达对于叙事体过去时态,当它⽤于表述不情愿(
⾃⼰的不情愿。例如,当某些事情发⽣使我们怀疑期望的正确性时,我们可以说,“I thought he was to lecture next week(我认为他下周要⾃⼰的不情愿
讲课)”。
)
26个英文字母歌陈述事实,也常常有类似的⽤法。例如:
假如⼀个作家希望脱离(
假如⼀个作家希望脱离(dissociate)陈述事实,也常常有类似的⽤法
(Alexander) captured the cities of Susa and Perpolis—capitals and treasure-cities of the Persian king. One hundred and twenty thousand talents were said to have been obtained from the latter city.
(Alexander)占领了Susa和Perpolis——波斯国王的⾸都和宝藏城市。据说从后⼀个城市获得了⼗⼆万⼈才。
2.1.1.3 谦逊⽅式表达的过去时态(The Preterite of Modesty)
当过去时间的概念完全不存在时,遥远的过去时态会在不知不觉中导致这种情况。当我们说:“I called to ask you, if you would join us(我打电话问你是否愿意加⼊我们),” 过去时态的“would”似乎更有礼貌或者更为谦逊;它表明:我给你打电话陈述的是我的想法,但是现在,我想听听你的意见。我们按类似的⽅式使⽤过去时态:“I wanted to ask you if you would give a subscription(我想问你是否愿意订阅)。”Arnold Bennett先⽣在下⾯的⼀段⽂字中对这种谦逊过去时态(preterite of modesty)的使⽤进⾏了评论(Roll-Call,I ch. I§3章节):
The young girl, opening the front door, had said:“ Do you want to e father?” And instantly the words were out George
had realized that she might have said:“ Did you want to e father?”...in the idiom of the shop-girl or clerk , and that if she had said ‘did’ he would have been gravely disappointed and hurt. But she had not! Of cour she was incapable of such a
locution, and it was silly of him to have thought otherwi even momentarily(⽤⼥店员或店员的习语来说,如果她已经说“是”,他会⾮常失望和受伤。 但她没有这样说! 她当然不会说这种话,⽽且他⼀时也不这么想,要不然真的是太傻了).
通常,使⽤过去时间的概念没有问
的从句中。通常,使⽤过去时间的概念没有问
或建议(a suggestion)的从句中
谦虚过去时态词经常⽤在表达陈述
谦虚过去时态词经常⽤在表达陈述(a statement)、提议
提议(a proposal)或建议
这种⽤法在下列类型从句中:
sparkle
题。这种⽤法在下列类型从句中:
I. ⽤在宾语从句中。例如:
(1) Then I would suggest that you cead trying to clean your finger.
(1)
那么,我建议你停⽌尝试清洁你的⼿指。
(2) “Alen , why, are you in love with Stella?”Michael challenged.
(2)
“Alen,为什么,你爱上了Stella?” Michael质问道。
“What (is it) made you think I was?”countered Alan, looking alarmed.
“是什么让你认为我是?”Alan反问道,看起来很震惊。
(3) “Suppo we went to one of the Non-Conformist Churches. We can usually count on a good rmon from the minister (3)
at Holly Road.”
“建议我们去其中⼀个不循规蹈矩的教会。(这样),我们通常可以指望Holly Road的牧师能发表⼀篇精彩的布道。”
II. ⽤在it is (high/about) time,it ems之引导的从句中。
A. it is (high/about) time ⽤法例句(注意:high/about具有强调意味,带有⽣⽓或报怨的意味)。
A1. 当我们想表达现在应该做某事,并且⾏动时间已经有⼀点晚,使⽤⼀般过去式,即应该做某事,但是有点晚。
结构为:It’s (high/about) time + past subjunctive(simple past ten)
结构为:
例如:
例如
(1) It is time we gave a cond thought to Puritanism.
(1)
现在是我们重新考虑清教主义的时候了。
(2) It is high time that we decided just what is meant by a word.
(2)
正是我们决定⼀个词的含义的时候。
(3) I’ve felt it coming, you know, and it’s time I really struck out for mylf.
(3)
我已经感觉到它的到来,你知道的,现在是我真正为⾃⼰出击的时候了。
(4) Sidney: Auntie, I know Mother won’t want to be disturbed.
(4)
Sidney: Auntie,我知道妈妈不想被打扰。
Miss Fairfield: It’s high time she was.
Fairfield⼩姐:她早该这样做了。
(5) The censorship is not a branch of military science and study. It is high time that it was made so.
(5)
审查制度不是军事科学和研究的⼀个分⽀。现在是时候这样做了。
(6)
(6) It’s high time you got that car repaired.
你正该把那辆车修⼀修了。
(7) It’s time you got that car repaired. (This pattern shows a little less urgency.)
(7)
你该把那辆车修⼀修了。(没有使⽤high,显得不够迫切。)
(8) It’s about time you got that car repaired.
(8)
你正该把那辆车修⼀修了。
(9) It’s high time we bought a new car.
(9)
我们正该买⼀辆新车了。
(10) It’s time we bought a new car.
(10)
我们该买⼀辆新车了
(11) It’s about time we bought a new car.
(11)
我们正该买⼀辆新车了。
(12) It’s high time you went to bed.
(12)
你该睡觉了。
(13) It’s time you came to e us. We haven’t met each other for so long.
(13)
你应过来和我们碰⾯。我们很久没有见⾯了。
(14) It’s time you started thinking about running your own business.
(14)
你该考虑经营⾃⼰的企业了。before的用法
A2. 当我们想表达过去应该做某事,使⽤过去完成式。
结构为:
结构为:It was (high/about) time + past perfect subjunctive(past perfect ten)
例如:
It was time you had told him the truth when you had the chance last night.
当你昨晚有机会时,就该告诉他真相。
A3. 但是,当我们认为正点时间已经到达,但是现在仍处于这个正点时间段内,我们可以这样表达,即,应该做某事,为时不晚,例如:(1) It's time (for you) to go to bed. It’s 10 pm. 你该睡觉了。晚上⼗点了。
(1)
(2) It's time to say goodbye. 该说再见了。
(2)
(3) It's time for breakfast. 该吃早餐了。
(4) It’s time to change the rules. 应该改变这条规则。
(4)
(5) It’s time to go home. 该回家了。
(5)
(6) It’s time to rai your voice. 你该提⾼声⾳。
(6)
(7) It is time that I give you some idea of my domestic arrangements.
(7)
应该让你了解我的家庭安排了。
B. it ems⽤法例句。
结构为:it ems + preterite (past ten)
结构为:
(1) It ems as though Oxford and Cambridge might still be permitted to whisper a word in their defen, and that the
(1)
universities of the provinces were not the impregnable homes of an austere and lf-denying erudition.
西安计算机培训⽜津和剑桥似乎仍然可以为他们的辩护低声说⼀句话,各省的⼤学并不是⼀个朴素⽽⾃我否定的学识的牢不可破的家园。
(2) It ems strange that no one noticed that the window was broken.
(2)
没有⼈注意到窗户被打破了,这似乎很奇怪。
不过,it ems也有其⽤法,这与谦逊过去式没有关系:
em作为连系动词(copula),后⾯接形容词,较少接名词:
(1) It ems strange that no one noticed that the window was broken.
(1)
没有⼈注意到窗户被打破了,这似乎很奇怪。
(2) Glenda ems happier the days.
(2)
那些天,Glenda 看起来挺⾼兴。
我们可以使⽤⾮⼈称结构,it ems或者it ems + that从句/as if从句/as though从句:
(1) It ems that the village shop will have to clo down. They can’t find a buyer for it.
(1)
村⾥的商店似乎要关门了。他们找不到买家。
(2) It ems as if he wants everyone to feel sorry for him, but I don’t.
(2)
似乎他想让每个⼈都为他感到难过,但我没有。
(3) It emed as though time was standing still. She wanted that moment to last forever.
(3)
时间似乎静⽌不动。她希望那⼀刻永远持续下去。
2.1.1.4 动词过去时态在⾮现实性语境中的⽤法(Irrealis)
irrealis(中世纪拉丁语,“⾮现实性”),我们现在⼀般称为虚拟语⽓(subjunctive mood),或者假设。动词的过去时态(preterite)常⽤于表达与
中。前⾯已经指出,过去时态(past ten)与这事实相对的想法:称为⾮现实性(irrealis)。这种情况仅发⽣在从属⼦句
这种情况仅发⽣在从属⼦句(subordinate claus)中
种过去时态(preterite)之间除了在“to be”动词的⽤法上有区别之外,没有正式的区分。在俗语英语中(或者英语⼝语中),使⽤“was”⾮常流⾏,下⾯将引⽤例⼦说明。但是,在以过去式或者谦逊过去式态逞现的句⼦中,不可能使⽤“was”替换掉“were”。trouble is friend歌词
中学生爱国演讲稿
A. 在带有连接词if、as if、though、as though、等等的条件(condition)、⽐较(comparison)、和让步(concession)副词从句中。例如:
(1) He makes one reali that if only knew though about the subject, it would abound in both beauty and interest.
(1)
他使⼈意识到,只要知道这个主题,它就会充满美感和趣味。

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