Ⅰ. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and choo the letter A, B, C or D. (20%)そばにいるね
1. _______ is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between
phonetics and phonology. The most influential scholar in this aspect is Trubetzkoy who published Principles of Phonology in 1939.
A. The London School
B. Traditional grammar
C. American Structuralism
D. The Prague School
2. Saussure believed that language is a system of signs. This sign is the union of a form and an idea,
which Saussure called _______.
A. langue and parole
B. signifier and signified
C. speech and writing
恒企会计D. system and function
3. Many modern linguists have criticized traditional grammarians for adopting a _____ approach to
gogodancerlanguage study.
A. synchronic
B. diachronic
C. prescriptive
D. descriptive
4. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human
language is .
A. arbitrary
B. rational
C. logical
D. cultural
5. Palatal mi-vowel refers to the sound .
A. [n]
B. [h]
C. [w]
D. [j]
6. A phoneme is a group of phonetically similar sounds called .
A. minimal pairs
B. allomorphs
C. phones
D. allophones
7. Morphemes that reprent “ten”, “number”, “gender”, “ca” and so forth are called
morphemes.
A. inflectional
B. bound
C. free
D. derivational
8. The English word “modernizers” is compod of morphemes.
A. four
B. three
C. two
D. five
9. “Unless I hear from her, I won’t leave this town” is a ntence.
A. simple
B. coordinate
C. complex
D. compound
10. In the phra structure rule “S NP VP”, the arrow can be read as .
A. is equal to
australiaB. consists of
C. has
D. generates
11. In the following pairs of words, are a pair of complementary antonyms.
A. old and young
B. male and female
C. hot and cold
D. buy and ll
12. The stimulus-respon theory was propod by .
A. Firth
B. Halliday
C. Bloomfield
D. Chomsky
13. found that natural language had its own logic and thus concluded the famous Cooperative
Principle.
A. John Austin
B. John Firth
C. Paul Grice
D. William Jones
14. As far as the ntence “My bag is heavy” is concerned, linguists of pragmatics are more interested in
its ______ meaning.
A. literal
B. logicalbest love song
C. contextual
D. grammatical
15.is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared
linguistic system.
A. A speech community
B. A race
C. A society
D. A nation
16. A speaker’s knowledge of the total t of rules, conventions, etc., governing the skilled u of
language in a society is termed ______.
A. competence
B. performance
C. communicative competence
D. communicative strategy
17. The phonemes /k/, /a:/ and /p/ are in ______ relations in the words /ka:p/ (carp)and/pa:k/ (park).
A. synchronic
B. syntagmatic
C. diachronic
D. paradigmatic
18. The Prague School claims that a ntence may be analyzed from the functional side in terms of
______as well as from the grammatical side.
A. theme and rheme
B. argument and predicate
C. subject and predicate
D. performative and constative
19. In the proposition “Professor Green is a linguist”, the predicate linguist is a ______.
A. no-place predicate
chokeB. one-place predicate
C. two-place predicate
D. three-place predicate办公用品的英文
20. The following conversation exchange clearly violates ______.
A: Let’s get the kids something.
B: Okey, but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M-S.
A. maxim of Quantity
B. maxim of Quality
C. maxim of Relation
D. maxim of Manner
Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true or fal. Write T for true and F for fal.
(20%)
1. By arbitrariness Saussure means that the forms of linguistic signs bear some natural relationship
to their meaning.( )
2. Human language is, unlike animal communication systems, stimulus free.( )
3. Language marks our identity, physically in terms of age, x, and voiceprints; geographically in
terms of accents, dialects.( )
4. The ntencing of criminals is an example of emotive function of language.( )
5. Synchronic linguistic is the study of a language through the cour of its history.( )
6. Pre-school children know virtually all the rules of language except for some subtleties. This
means they have the underlying knowledge about the system of rules.( )
7. The sound〔z〕is a voiced alveolar stop.( )
8. The free variants of a phoneme shown in the different pronunciation of the same word, such as
希拉里特朗普“tap” may be caud by habit, or individual preference, rather than by any distribution rule.( )
9. Voicing is a distinctive feature for English consonants.( )
10. A syllable that has no coda is called a clod syllable.( )
11. In English, inflectional affixes are mostly prefixes.( )
12. In the word “illegal”, “il” is an allomorph of the negative morpheme.( )
13. The word “girl” ud to mean “young person of either x”. Today it means “young woman”.
This is an example of broadening of meaning.( )
14. The value of a linguistic sign is determined by the signs with which it can combine to form a
syntagmatic relation, and the signs with which it can form a paradigmatic relation.( )
15. The phra “five children” is an endocentric construction. ( )
16. Componential analysis can not help explain the n relations of words.( )
17. The ntence I pour some liquid into the tube is a performative one.( )
18. The ntence like War is war is an example in which the Quality maxim is violated.( )
19. The weak version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis says that language is the shaper of our thinking
patterns.( )
20. Malinowsky believed that the context of situation is indispensable for the understanding of the words.( )
Ⅲ. Explain the following linguistic terms or notions in English. (40%)
1. Ostensive communication
2. Surface structure
3. Free variants
4. Exocentric construction
5. Duality
6. Dissimilation
7. Immediate constituent analysis
环球雅思英语学校8. Narrow transcription
9. Root 10. Communicative competence
Ⅳ. Give brief answers to the following questions. (12+8=20)
1. What is componential analysis? How is it ud in mantics? (12%)
2. Explain how the assimilation rule in English works.(8%)
Answer
Ⅰ. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and choo the letter A, B, C or D. (20%)
1. D
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. D
6. D
7. A
8. A
9. C 10. B
11. B 12. C 13. A 14. C 15. A 16. C 17. B 18. A 19. B 20. D
Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true or fal. Write T for true and F for fal. (20%)
1. F
2. T
3. T
4. F
5. F
6.T
7. F
8. T神经病的英文
9.T 10. F
11. F 12. T 13. F 14. T 15. T 16. F 17. F 18. F 19. F 20. T
Ⅲ. Explain the following linguistic terms and notions in English. (40%)
1. Ostensive communication—Communication is not simply a matter of encoding and with the hearer. From the speaker’s
side, communication should be en as an act of making clear one’s intention to express sth,
this act is ostensive act. In other words, communication is ostensive-inferential.
2. Surface structure--The final stage in the syntactic derivation of construction, which cloly corresponds to the structural
organization of a construction people actually produce and receive.
3. Free variants--If 2 sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for another does not cau
a change of meaning, they are in free variation.
4. Exocentric construction--A construction who distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. There
is no noticeable center or head in it. The whole construction has a different grammatical
function from either of its constituents.
5. Duality--Lge is a system which consists of two ts of structures or levels. At the lower or the basic (condary) level,
there is a structure of sounds which is meaningless by themlves. At the higher (primary) level, the sounds of
lge can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning such as morphemes and words.
6. Dissimilation--It refers to the influence exercid by one sound gment on the production of another, so that the two
sounds in a quence become less alike or different.
7. Immediate constituent analysis－The analysis of a ntence in terms of its immediate constituents (word groups or
phras), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own,
and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.
8. Narrow transcription--A more specific t of letter-symbols with diacritics to show more phonetic details, required and
ud by the phoneticians in their study of speech sound.
9. Root—The ba form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. It is the part of the word left
when all the affixes are removed. All words have a root morpheme.
10. Communicative competence—(By D. Hymes) A speaker’s knowledge of the total t of rules, conventions, etc.,
governing the skilled u of lge in a society, distinguished from Chomsky’s concept of
competence in the restricted n of knowledge of a grammar.
IV. Give brief answers to the following questions. (12+8=20)
1. What is componential analysis? How is it ud in mantics? (12%)
Componential analysis is a method of analyzing the mantic features or components of words.The meaning of a word is not an unanalysable whole.(2) It can be en as a complex of different mantic features.(1) E.g. The meaning of the word boy may be analyd into three components:HUMAN, YOUNG, and MALE.and woman into HUMAN, ADULT and FEMALE.(3) Componential analysis is ud to account for n relations between words, e.g. two words with the same mantic components are synonymous with each other, for example bachelor and unmarried man both have the components of HUMAN,ADULT,MALE and UNMARRIED; (3)while words with a contrasting component are antonyms,
< give and take. It can also be ud to explain n relations between ntences. (3)
2. Explain how the assimilation rule in English works.(8%)
The assimilation rule in English refers to the process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighbouring sound. (2) It is also called coarticulation. There are two types of it: regressive assimilation and progressive one. (2)The former means that a following sound is influencing
a preceding sound, tenth is pronounced ten in which the nasal /n/ is "dentalized" ;(2) the latter
means that a preceding sound is influencing a following love to is pronounced /lof te/ .
(2)
