Chapter1
1. A Definition of Languagetuina
language is a structural system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication in
a society. It is a specific social action and a carrier of information. It is also a physiological and
psychological phenomenon.
2.Language, Society & Thought
1)Language reflects the culture of a society.
2)Language changes with the development of a society.推销自己
3)Language is ud to express man’s thought. Without thinking there would be no human
language.
3. A Definition of Linguistics
1)linguistics is the scientific study of language.
2)phonetics, grammar and lexicology
4. A Definition of Lexicology
a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language,
dealing with words, their origin, development, history, structure, meaning and application. 5.synchronic approach VS. diachronic approach
chapter2
1.What is etymology?
Etymology is a branch of linguistics; the study of the origin, history and development of words and their meanings.
2.Language families and the English language (Indo-European family, West Germanic branch)
3.The Development of the English Language
- Old English (450-1150)
- Middle English (1150-1500)
- Modern English (1500-)
4.Native Words & Borrowed Words
1)native words: polymic character, collocability, word-forming ability
2)borrowed words: 4 groups of loan words (aliens, denizens, translation-loans, mantic
borrowings)
5.The Foreign Elements in the English Vocabulary
Major borrowing from French, Latin, Greek;
Other borrowing: Scandinavian languages, Spanish, Italian, American Indian language, Chine, Arab, Indian English, African language, Japane, etc.
Chapter3
1.. Features & Classifications of Words
“A word is a minimum free form.”
2.Word
1) a fixed sound form (external aspect)
2) a certain meaning (internal aspect)
Classifications of words: morphology (simple, compound, complex); lexical meaning & grammatical (functional VS. notional); usage (popular VS. learned); character of words (abstract VS. concrete); motivation (motivated VS. non-motivated); polymic VS. monomic; origin (native VS. borrowed)
3.Meaning & Semantics
1)Meaning: not stable, depending on context, speakers and hearers; meaning of different
word forms may be related to each others.
2)Semantics is a major branch of linguistics devoted to the study of meaning.
4.The Relation between Meaning & the Object
In most cas, the relation between a symbol and the referent is conventional and arbitrary.
5.Meaning & Motivation
Motivation: the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.
1)Phonetic motivation
2)Grammatical motivation (morphological)
3)Motivation by meaning (mantic)
6.Main Types of Word Meaning
grammatical meaning (语法意义)
lexical meaning: contextual meaning (语境意义) denotative meaning (概念意义) connotative meaning (内涵意义) stylistic meaning (文体意义)
jinshen7.Sen Relation between Words
1)Synonymy (classification: absolute VS. relative synonyms)
2)Antonymy (morphological classification: root VS. derivational)
(mantic classification: contraries, complementaries, conversives)
3)Polymy (two process: radiation VS. concatenation)
4)Homonymy (classification: perfect VS. partial)
(partial homonyms: homograph, homophone, homoform)
5)Hyponymy (upper term & lower term)
Chapter4
iris是什么意思
my1471. Archaisms & Neologisms
Archaisms: obsolete words; neologisms: new words & existing words with new meanings 2. The Sources of Neologisms: modern science and technology; political, economic and social changes
3. The Formation of Neologisms: by word-formation; by adding new meanings; by borrowing; by analogy; by creating new coinages
4. Changes in Meaning
- Caus of Meaning Change
- Four Tendencies in Semantic Changes
1) extension (generalization): process? example?
2) narrowing (specialization): process? example?
3) elevation (amelioration): process? example?
4) degradation (deterioration): process? example?
5. Semantic Changes from Literal U of Words to Their Figurative U
1) Metaphor (anthropomorphic, animal, synaesthetic metaphors)
2) Metonymy (classifications)
3) Synecdoche (part for the whole/whole for the part)
4) Euphemism (different types of euphemisms)
Chapter5
1.What is a morpheme?
the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.
2.Classification of Morphemes (free VS. bound morphemes; lexical VS. grammatical
morphemes)
3.Classification of Words in Morphology
幼儿英语早教机构- Simple Words
- Compound Words
- Complex Words
4. Basic Concepts in Word-formation: Root, Ba & Stemadverb
5. Main Process of English Word-formation: Affixation (Derivation); Compounding; Conversion affixation: prefixation VS. suffixation
Compounding
conversion: to n. / v. / adj. / otherscrackberry
6.Minor Process of English Word-formation
Clipping; Acronyms; Blending; Back-formation; Analogy; Onomatopoeia
Chpter6
1.The Definition of Idioms
An idiom is a fixed group of words or a single word, or even a ntence, with a special meaning that cannot be guesd from its structure.
2.The Features of English Idioms (9 features)
a)English idioms can be very short or rather long.
b)English idioms take different structures.
c)The idioms which cannot be changed at all are fixed idioms.
d)An idiom has a special meaning.
e)English idioms can be ud not only as colloquial expressions but also in formalregard
situations. (6.1.4)
f)Some idioms consist of obsolete words.
g)English idioms reprent a complete mantic unit.
h)English idioms are usually made of common words, brief in structure and profound in
meaning.
i)English idioms are often created on the basis of alliteration, rhyme, euphony and
repetition.
3.Different Styles of English Idioms (colloquial; in any situation; formal; slangs)
4.Idiomatic Phras VS. Free Phras(whether can be guesd)
5.Classifications of English Idioms (specific grammatical structures; idiomatic phras with
familiar parts of speech; idioms with fixed structures; expressing greetings, surpri, etc.;
proverbs)
6.Usages of English idioms (examples of different aspects)
Chapter7
1.Definition of a Collocation
A collocation is a natural combination of two or more than two words that are cloly joined
together to express a particular meaning in speech and writing.
2.The Importance of Learning English Collocation
a)With collocations, we can say or write something in the most natural way.
b)Collocation can be an alternative way of saying something, which may be more
expressive or preci.
c)Using collocation can improve our style in writing.pursue是什么意思
d)Learning collocations in groups can help us fix them in our memory.
3. The Classification of English Collocations
1. according to word meaning and us (14 or 4 types)
2. according to word class (6 types)
3. According to areas of collocations in English (2 areas)
4. Register Ud in English Collocations
informal; formal; business; newspaper style
chapter8
1. English as a Language of Worldwide U
2. The Historical Background of American English (3 periods)
a)first period: 1607 ~ 1776 (before independence)
b)cond period: until the Civil War (about 1860)
c)third period: since the Civil War
3. Characteristics of American English (conrvativeness; creativeness; borrowing)
4. Differences between BrE and AmE (pronunciation; spelling; vocabulary; grammar)
Chapter9
1.Characteristics of Dictionaries (4 characteristics)
a)Dictionaries are reference books, to be exact, the reference source in print or electronic
form.
b)Dictionaries are compiled according to the nature of the vocabulary (meanings, how to
u words and phras correctly);
c)The chief units of compiling dictionaries are entries, that is, words, including
morphemes, and combining forms;
d)Word-entries are arranged in alphabetical order.
2.Types of Dictionaries (6 categories)
a)monolingual, bilingual & multilingual dictionaries
b)general & special dictionaries
c)pocket, medium-sized & unabridged dictionaries
d)synchronic & diachronic dictionaries
e)encyclopaedias & encyclopaedic dictionaries
f)printed & electronic dictionaries
3.History of English Dictionaries (5 periods)
a)The first period: (Middle Age ~ late 16th century)
b)The cond period: (the beginning of 17th century)
c)The third period: (middle ~ end of the 17th century)
d)The fourth period: (18th century)
e)The fifth period: (19th ~ 20th century)
4. How to U English Dictionaries
