Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学,词法学)
5.1 what is morphology？什么是形态学？
Morphology is one of subbranches of linguistics，and also a branch of grammar. 形态学即使语言学的分支，也是语法的分支。
Morphology studies the internal structure of words，and the rules by which words are formed. 形态学研究词的内部结构和构词规则。
可分为两个分支：inflectional morphology and lexical/derivational morphology
屈折形态学和词汇或派生形态学
5.2 morphemes (词素,语素)
最简单的定义Morpheme is a minimal meaningful grammatical unit. 语素是最小的有意义的语法单位。
Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units in the grammatical system of a language.
语素是在语音的语法系统中最小的意义单位。
1 minimal: smallest,it can not further be divided.
2 meaningful: can not be further divided without destroying its meaning
3 grammatical: not only lexical morphemes like ,but also grammatical ones,
5.3 Classification of morphemes 语素的分类
Semantically：morphemes ：root morphemes and affixational morphemes
根据语义，语素可分为词根和词缀
Structurally：morphemes ：free morphemes and bound morphemes
根据结构，语素可分为自由语素和粘着语素
5.3.1 interrelations between free morphemes，bound morphemes，roots and affixes
自由语素、粘着语素、词根和词缀的相互关系
zipzap1）Free morphemes are tho which can exist as individual words. eg.book，store.自由语素是那些独立存在的单词。再可深层分为两个分支：
1词义语素Lexical morphemes: nouns, adjectives, verbs which carry the content of the messages we conver.名词、形容词、动词携带内容信息的。
2功能语素Functional morphemes: prepositions, conjunctions, articles, pronouns. 介词、连词、冠词、代词。
rape girl2）Bound morphemes are tho which cannot occur alone as de-，dis-.
粘着语素是那些不能单独作为单词的语素。
3)Roots :词根
The root is defined as the most important part of a word that carries the principal meanin
g. 词根被定义为单词最重要的部分,携带一词的主要意义。
It is the ba form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. 它是一个单词的基本形式,在不损失意义的情况下无法再细分。
4）Affixes are morphemes that lexically depend on roots and do not convey the fundamental meaning of words. 词缀是词汇方面依靠词根和不传达单词的根本意思的语素。
5）Interralation: all free morphemes(like bird) are roots but not all roots are free morphemes. (like spect). All affixes are bound morphemes but not all bound morphemes are affixes (like ceive)
所有自由语素都是词根,但并不是所有的though的用法词根都是自由语素。
所有的词缀都是粘着语素但并非所有粘着语素都是词缀。strong反义词
5.3.2 prefixes，suffixes and infixes前缀、后缀、中缀
Position: prefixes, suffixes and inffixes 按位置分
Which are added to the beginning of roots are prefixes.加在词根前面的前缀。
The affixes which follow roots are suffixes.跟在词根后面的后缀。
The affixes which interrupt roots are infixes.打断词根的是中缀。
5.3.3 inflectional affixes and derivational affixes 屈折词缀和派生词缀
Function: affixes can be divided into inflectional affixes and derivational affixes 按功能分
Inflectional affixes 崇拜英文argentinaindicate grammatical relations, such as number，gender，ten，aspect，ca and degree. 屈折词缀表明语法关系,如数量、性别、时态、方面,情况和程度。
They never produce new words or cau a change in grammatical class. 他们从不产生新单词或改变语法种类。
Derivational affixes can produce new words, some change grammatical class of words. 派生词缀可以产生新单词,一些改变单词语法等级。
dis-,un-,re-,in-, -ly,-y, ful, -er, ment, tion, (P 61)
5.3.4 root，stem and ba 词根，词干和词基
A root is the basic part of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. 它是一个单词的基本形式,在不损失意义的情况下无法再细分。
我的人生梦想A“root”is that part of the word left when all the affixes are removed. 一个“词根”,是一个词的所有词缀都被移除后剩下的部分。（扒光了衣服剩下来的，哈哈）
ba: the form that a derivational affix is attached, disagree+ment=disagreement
可加派生词缀的是词基。
stem: the form that an inflectional affix is attached: reopen+ing=reopening.
可加屈折词缀的是词干。
•eat+ing=eating(stem) eat+able=eatable(ba) eat+er=eater
5.4 Morphemes, morphs, allomorphs 语素，语子和语素变体
5.4.1 Morphemes语素
Morphemes are the minimal meaningful units in a grammatical system of a language.
语素是语法系统中最小的有意义的单位。
在线辅导平台 5.4.2xyy Morphs 语子
Morphs are the realizations of morphemes in general and are the actual forms ud to realize morphemes.
语子是英语专业的就业前景语素在语言中的具体体现，用来实现语素的具体形式。
5.4.3Allomorphs 语素变体
Allomorphs are the realizations of a particular morpheme. 语素变体是某一具体语素的体现形式。
{d}:
/t/ after voiceless consonants except /t/; hoped, looked, stopped, finished
/
d/ after vowels and voiced consonants except /d/; loved, lived, realized
