The relations between sound and meaning
Sound is the physical aspect of a word and meaning is what the sound refers to. Their symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional. They are not intrinsically related. People of different languages ud different sounds to express the same concept. Woman, eg. becomes frau in German, femme in French and funv in Chine. In the same language the same sound can denote different things, e.g. write, right & rite; night&knight.
Sound and form
outstanding是什么意思Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form. In other words, the sound should be consistent with the form. With the development of the language, more and more differences aro between the two. (1) The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans(2) Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years(3)The stabilization of spelling by printing in the late 1500 breaks the synchronized change of sound and spelling.(4) Borrowing introduces many words which are against English rules of Pronunciation and spelling. 2013辽宁高考英语
Four class of loan-words:(null)
Denizens, Aliens, translation-loans, Semantic-loans
Features of old English:
Old English had a small size of vocabulary with only about 50,000 to 60,000 words which are almost monogeneous and entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian. It was a highly inflected language of which words are full of endings (nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs had complex systems of endings or vowel changes or both.)
Features of Middle English:
A period of great changes, changes more extensive and fundamental than tho that had taken place at any time before and since. Steady erosion of the Old English inflectional systems: endings of nouns and adjectives marking distinction of number and ca and often of gender lost their distinctive forms, that is, ME becomes a language with leveled e
ndings and is much clor to modern English.
Characteristics of Compounds:
Compounds have noticeable charavteristics which may in most cas differentiate themlves from noun phras in the following four aspects：1)Phonological Features.(Compound:a’ fat head; Free phrai:a fat’ head) 2)Semantic Features: Compounds differ from phras in their mantic ‘one-wordness’. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. For instance, a green hand is an ‘inexperienced person’, not a hand that is green in color.3)Grammatical Featuresfaw>初三全部化学方程式（Compound: fine art; Free phra: finer art) 4)Orthographical Features
What are the characteristics of prefixes and suffixes?
mgpPrefixes do not generally change the word-class of the ba but only modify its meaning. Unlike prefixes which primarily effect a mantic modification of the ba, suffixes have only a small mantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of the ba, the change of the word class with a slight modification of meaning.implicit
What is conversion？
Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class, by turning words of one part of speech to tho of another part of speech in traditional terms.
What do you think of the alternatives functional shift and zero -derivation?
Since the words that are made do not change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as functional shift. (round- is ud as a different part of speech, noun,verb, preposition, adjective). Conversion is generally considered to be a derivational proceess whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. Hence the name zero-derivation.(Take single and simple for example,single is one of zero-derivation whereas simple is one of suffixation as the suffix -ify is added to make simple a verb)
In what way is conversion different from suffixation？意大利语翻译软件
Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem, suffixes have only a small mantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class. However, they may also add attached meaning to the stem. For example, lucky(adj.)+ -ly luckily(adv)
Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation. For example, believe(V.)/belief(N); advice(N.)/advi(V.)
What class of words are most frequently converted?
Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives, and verbs. The most productive, however, is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs. It derves nothing that conversion is not only a change of grammatical function of the item involved but with it the different range of meaning it originally carried.
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