1 Basic Concepts 基本概念
1.1 the definition of a word
（The definition of a word compris the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a ntence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.）
1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional. A dog is called a dog not becau the sound and the three letters that
fastener
make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question.
puppet1.3 sound and form ：
yer1.4 vocabulary
1.5 classification of words
词汇分类
2 Development
It is assumed that the world has approximately 3, 000 (some put it 5, 000 ) languages, which can be grouped into restore什么意思roughly 300 language families on the basis of
similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.
2.1 Indo-European
印欧语
2.2 Historical review
历史概述
2.3 Growth of Prent-day English Vocabulary
2.4 Modes of Vocabulary Development
3 Word Formation
3.1 Morphemes 词素
Definition: The minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes. In other words, the morpheme is "the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words".词素是xds“构词中最小功能单位”。
3.2 Allomorphs 语素变体
Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. 'They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning'.
The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme is to a phone. 词素是一个音素发音的语素。词素是真正能发音的最小的意义载体。
morpheme
3.3 Types of Morphemes
3.4 Root and Stem
The affixation and compounding involve different word-forming elements
词缀法和混合涉及不同的词语构成因素
汉语翻译英文
4 Word-formation
Word formation
构词的方式
expected4.1 Affixation 词缀法 falls into two subclass（子类）:
Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as 正规翻译公司derivation, for new
words created in this way are derived from old forms. The words formed in this way are called derivatives.
词缀法可定义为通过给词干加结构词词缀或派生词缀构成新词的一种构词方法。用这种方法构成的词叫派生构词。因为通过这种方式创造的新词是从旧词
派生而来。通过这种方式造出的词叫做“派生词”。
4.1.1 Prefixation 前缀法
（we shall classify prefixes on a mantic basis
into nine groups 我们可以在语义基础上
将前缀分为九类）
Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning.
英语名子前缀法是在词干上加上前缀构词的一种方法，前缀一般不改变词干的词类，只对词干的意义进行修饰。
4.1.2 Suffixation之后英文
后缀法
Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem .Suffixes have only a small
