第一章
1.A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.
2. V ocabulary refers to the sum total of all the words in a language. In other words, vocabulary is compod of words and words make up vocabulary. If we compare vocabulary to a family, words are family members.
数学家3. Sound is the physical aspect of a word and meaning is what the sound refers to. Sound and meaning are not intrinsically related and their collection is arbitrary and conventional. For example, tree/tri:/ means 树in English becau the English-speaking people have agreed to do so just as Chine people u/shù/(树) to refer to the same thing. This explains why people of different languages u different sounds to express the same concept. However, in the same languages, the same sound can denote different meanings, e.g. /rait/ can mean right, rite, and write.
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4. There are generally four major caus of the differences between sound and form.⑴There are more phonemes than letters in English, so there is no way to u one letter to reprent one phoneme.⑵The stabilization of spelling by printing, which breaks the synchronized change of sound and spelling. ⑶influence of the work of scribes, who deliberately changed the spelling of words and ⑷borrowing, wh
ich introduces many words which are against English rules of pronunciation and spelling.
夏洛克第一季5 .Early scribes changed the spelling of many words while copying things for others becau the original spelling forms in cursive writing were difficult for people to recognize, such as sum, cum, wuman, munk and so on. Later, the letter u with vertical lines was replaced with o, resulting in the current spelling forms like some, come, woman, monk. The changed spelling forms are more distinguishable to readers.
6. Words of the basic word stock form the common core of the English language. They are the words esntial to native speakers’ daily communication. Such words are characterized by all national character, stability, polymy, productivity and collocability.referendum
7. a. loo woman b. fellow c. pistol d. great e. coward
f. fight
g. police
h. drunk
i. woman
j. girl
8. haply = perhaps albeit= although
methinks = it ems to me eke= also
英语四级单词下载smooth= truth morn= morning
troth= pledge ere= before
quoth = said hallowed= holy
billow= wave/ the a bade= bid
9. Neologisms refer to newly-coined words or old words with new meanings. For example, euro(欧元),e-book(电子书),SARS(非典), netizen (网民), are newly-coined words. Words like mou(鼠标),web(网络),space shuttle(航天飞机) etc. are old words which have acquired new meanings.
10. By notion, words fall into content words and functional words. Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverds and numerals, which have clear notions; whereas functional words are voi
d of notions but are mainly ud to connect content words into ntences. Content words are numerous and changing all the time, while functional words are small in number and stable. But functional words have much higher frequency in u than content words.
11. Native words form a small portion of the English vocabulary, but they make up the mainstream of the basic word-stock which belongs to the common core of the English language. Compared with most loan-words, native words are mostly esntial to native speakers’ daily communication and enjoy a much higher frequency in actual u.
12. Denizens Aliens Translation loans Semantic loans
kettle confrere chopsticks dream
die pro patria black humour
skirt parvenu long time no e
wall Wunderkind typhoon
husband Mikado
第二章
1. The Indo-Europe Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of the languages of Europe , the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European Language Family have different degrees of influence on English vocabulary . A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and u them more appropriately.
2.Indo-European Language Family
Balto-Slavic (Lithuanian,Prussian, Polish, Slavenian, Russian, Bulgarian) Indo-Iranian (Hindi, Perian)
Celtic (Breton, Scottish, Irish)vrp
Italic(Spanish, French, Italian, Portugue, Roumanian)
Hellenic(Greek)
Germanic(English, Swedish, German, Norweigian, Icelangic, Danish, Dutch)
3.The vocabularies of the three periods differ greatly from one anther. Old
English has (1) a small vocabulary (50 000—60 000), (2) a small number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian only and (3) the words full of endings. Middle English has (1) a comparatively large vocabulary, (2) a tremendous number of foreign words from French and Latin and (3) word endings leveled. Modern English has (1) a huge and heterogeneous vocabulary, (2) tremendous borrowings and (3) words with lost endings.crawl
Y es, we can divide the developments in other ways, for example, Old English period can be called Anglo-Saxon period. And Middle English might start from 1066, the time of Norman Conquest. But in doing so, the logical continuation of thee three phas of the original division is lost.
shikon4. It is receptivity and adaptability of the English language that make it possible for English to borrow heavily from other major languages of the world, so that the English vocabulary eventually has become heterogeneous.
美国大学留学费用5. The popularity of English lies in the fact that English is ready to borrow from other languages and to adapt itlf to new situations and new developments, that it has accepted elements from all other major languages and that it has simple reflection and a relatively fixed word order. All the make the language comparatively easy to learn and to u.
6. cour human events necessary people
dissolve political connected assume powers
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