1. | What is the main reason that people developed methods of refrigeration? | |
They wanted to improve the flavor and nutritional value of food.一建合格线 | ||
They needed to slow the natural process that cau food to spoil. | ||
| strand | They needed a u for the ice that formed on lakes and rivers. | |
They wanted to expand the production of certain industries. | ||
2. | The word perishable in paragraph 1 is clost in meaning to | |
capable of spoiling | ||
uncooked | ||
of animal origin | ||
highly nutritious | mangos||
3. | What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about cold storage before the invention of artificial refrigeration? | |
It kept food cold for only about a week. | ||
It was dependent on a source of ice or snow. | ||
It required a container made of metal or wood. | ||
It was not a safe method of prerving meat. | ||
4. | Artificial refrigeration involves all of the following process EXCEPT | |
the pumping of water vapor through a pipe | ||
the rapid expansion of certain gas | ||
the evaporation of a volatile liquid | ||
the transfer of heat from one place to another | ||
5. | Which ntence below best express the esntial information in the highlighted ntence in paragraph 2? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out esntial information. | |
It takes a lot of energy to transform a liquid into a vapor, especially when the vapor los heat. | ||
Some gas expand rapidly and give off energy when they encounter a very cold | ||
THE DEVELOPMENT OF REFRIGERATION Cold storage, or refrigeration, is keeping food at temperatures between 32 and 45 degrees F in order to delay the growth of microorganisms—bacteria, molds, and veast—that cau food to spoil. Refrigeration produces few changes in food, so meats, fish, eggs, milk, fruits, and vegetables keep their original flavor, color, and nutrition. Before artificial refrigeration was invented, people stored perishable food with ice or snow to lengthen its storage time. Prerving food by keeping it in an ice—filled pit is a 4,000-year-old art. Cold storage areas were built in baments, cellars, or caves, lined with wood or straw, and packed with ice. The ice was transported from mountains, or harvested from local lakes or rivers, and delivered in large blocks to homes and business. Artificial refrigeration is the process of removing heat from a substance, container, or enclod area, to lower its temperature. The heat is moved from the inside of the container to the outside. A refrigerator us the evaporation of a volatile liquid, or refrigerant, to absorb heat. In most types of refrigerators, the refrigerant is compresd, pumped through a pipe, and allowed to vaporize. As the liquid turns to vapor, it los heat and gets colder becau the molecules of vapor u energy to leave the liquid. The molecules left behind have less energy and so the liquid becomes colder. Thus, the air inside the refrigerator is chilled. Scientists and inventors from around the world developed artificial refrigeration during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. William Cullen demonstrated artificial refrigeration in Scotland in l748, when he let ethyl ether boil into a partial vacuum. In l805, American inventor Oliver Evans designed the first refrigeration machine that ud vapor instead of liquid. In l842, physician John Gorrie ud Evans’s design to create an air-cooling apparatus to treat yellow—fever patients in a Florida hospital. Gorrie later left his medical practice and | ||
void是什么意思liquid. | ||
When kinetic energy is changed to heat energy, liquid molecules turn into vapor molecules. | ||
During evaporation, the vapor molecules u energy, and the liquid becomes colder. | ||
6. | According to the passage, who was the first person to u artificial refrigeration for a practical purpo?2016四级 ntar | |
William Cullen | ||
Oliver Evans | ||
John Gorrie | ||
Adolphus Busch | ||
7. | The word it in paragraph 3 refers to | |
printer | ||
refrigerator | ||
| 垃圾桶英文 | type | |
ether | ||
8. | Why does the author discuss the brewing industry in paragraph 4? | |
To compare cave storage with mechanical refrigeration | ||
To describe the unique problems that brewers faced | ||
To prai the accomplishments of a prominent brewer | ||
To show how refrigeration changed a whole industry | ||
9. | The word constrained in paragraph 4 is clost in meaning to | |
restricted | ||
spoiled | ||
improved | ||
alternated | ||
10. | According to the passage, the first refrigerated railcar ud what material as a cooling agent? | |
Ether | ||
Ice | ||
Ammonia | ||
CFCs | ||
11. | The word toxic in paragraph 5 is clost in meaning to | |
experimented with ice making, and in l85l he was granted the first U.S. patent for mechanical refrigeration. In the same year, an Australian printer, James Harrison, built an ether refrigerator after noticing that when he cleaned his type with ether it became very cold as the ether evaporated. Five years later, Harrison introduced vapor-compression refrigeration to the brewing and meatpacking industries. Brewing was the first industry in the United States to u mechanical refrigeration extensively, and in the 1 870s, commercial refrigeration was primarily directed at breweries. German-born Adolphus Busch was the first to u artificial refrigeration at his brewery in St. Louis. Before refrigeration, brewers stored their beer in caves, and production was constrained by the amount of available cave space. Brewing was strictly a local business, since beer was highly perishable and shipping it any distance would result in spoilage. Busch solved the storage problem with the commercial vapor-compression refrigerator. He solved he shipping problem with the newly invented refrigerated railcar, which was insulated with ice bunkers in each end. Air came in on the top, pasd through the bunkers, and circulated through the car by gravity. In solving Busch’s spoilage and storage problems, refrigeration also revolutionized an entire industry. By 1891, nearly every brewery was equipped with mechanical refrigerating machines. The refrigerators of today rely on the same basic principle of cooling caud by the rapid evaporation and expansion of gas. Until l929, refrigerators ud toxic gas—ammonia, methyl chloride, and sulfur dioxide—as refrigerants. After tho gas accidentally killed veral people, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) became the standard refrigerant. However, they were found to be harmful to the earth’s ozone layer, so refrigerators now u a refrigerant called HF134a, which is less harmful to the ozone. | ||
den couchdb | ||
poisonous | ||
rare | ||
expensive | ||
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