2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题
Section I U of English
Directions:
Read the following text.Choo the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C]or[D]on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)
Though not biologically related,friends are as“related”as fourth cousins,sharing about1%of genes.That is 1a study,published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,has2.
The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted31,932unique subjects which4pairs of unrealt-ed friends and unrelated strangers.The same people were ud in both5.
While1%may em6,it is not so to a geneticist.As James Fowler,professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego,says,“Most people do not even7their fourth cousins but somehow manage to lect as frie-nds the people who8our kin.”
The study9found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immu-nity.Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain,for now.10,as the team suggests,it draws us to similar environments but there is more11it.There could be many mechanisms working toget-her that12us in choosing genetically similar friends13“functional kinship”of being friends with 14!
One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes em to be evolving15than other genes.Studying this could help16why human evolution picked pace in the last30,000years,with social environment being a major17factor.
The findings do not simply explain people’s18to befriend tho of similar19backgrounds,say the rearchers.Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction,care was taken to 20that all subjects,friends and strangers,were taken from the same population.
1.[A]when[B]why[C]how[D]what
2.[A]defended[B]concluded[C]withdrawn[D]advid
3.[A]for[B]with[C]on[D]by
4.[A]compared[B]sought[C]parated[D]connected
5.[A]tests[B]objects[C]samples[D]examples
6.[A]insignificant[B]unexpected[C]unbelievable[D]incredible
7.[A]visit[B]miss[C]ek[D]know
8.[A]remble[B]influence[C]favor[D]surpass
9.[A]again[B]also[C]instead[D]thus
10.[A]Meanwhile[B]Furthermore[C]Likewi[D]Perhaps
11.[A]about[B]to[C]from[D]like
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12.[A]drive[B]obrve[C]confu[D]limit
13.[A]according to[B]rather than[C]regardless of[D]along with
14.[A]chances[B]respons[C]missions[D]benefits
15.[A]later[B]slower[C]faster[D]earlier
16.[A]forecast[B]remember[C]understand[D]express
17.[A]unpredictable[B]contributory[C]controllable[D]disruptive
18.[A]endeavor[B]decision[C]arrangement[D]tendency
19.[A]political[B]religious[C]ethnic[D]economic
20.[A]e[B]show[C]prove[D]tell
Section II Reading Comprehension
paintingPart A
Directions:英语四级听力频道
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)
Text1
King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted“kings don’t abdicate,they die in their sleep.”But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So,does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is eing its last days?Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals,with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?
The Spanish ca provides arguments both for and against monarchy.When public opinion is particularly polarized,as it was following the end of the Franco regime,monarchs can ri above“mere”politics and “embody”a spirit of national unity.
It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’continuing popularity as heads of state. And also,the Middle East excepted,Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world,with10kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra).But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia,most royal families have survived becau they allow voters to avoid the difficult arch for a non-controversial but respected public figure.
Even so,kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside.Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today—embodies outdated and indefens
ible privileges and inequalities.At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth,it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.
The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princess have day-jobs and ride bicycles,not hors(or helicopters).Even so,the are wealthy families who party with the international1%,and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.
While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come,it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.
It is only the Queen who has prerved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary(if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will come with Charles,who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierar-chical view of the world.He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived becau they provide a rvice—as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as English history shows,it is kings,not republicans,who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.
21.According to the first two Paragraphs,King Juan Carlos of Spain______.
[A]ud to enjoy high public support[B]was unpopular among European royals
[C]ead his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment
22.Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly______.
[A]owing to their undoubted and respectable status
[B]to achieve a balance between tradition and reality
[C]to give voter more public figures to look up to
[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment
23.Which of the following is shown to be odd,according to Paragraph4?______.
[A]Aristocrats’excessive reliance on inherited wealth
[B]The role of the nobility in modern democracies
[C]The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families
[D]The nobility’s adherence to their privileges
法语学习培训班24.The British royals“have most to fear”becau Charles______.
[A]takes a rough line on political issues[B]fails to change his lifestyle as advid
[C]takes republicans as his potential allies[D]fails to adapt himlf to his future role
25.Which of the following is the best title of the text?______.
有趣的发明[A]Carlos,Glory and Disgrace Combined[B]Charles,Anxious to Succeed to the Throne
[C]Carlos,a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles,Slow to React to the Coming Threats
Text2
Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data?The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can arch the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.
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California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upts the old assumptions that authorities may arch through the posssions of suspects at the time of their arrest.It is hard, the state argues,for judges to asss the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.
The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice.Enough of the implications are discernible,even obvious,so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police,lawyers and defendants.
They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone—a vast storehou of digital information is similar to say,going through a suspect’s pur.The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant.But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home.A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history,financial history,medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of“cloud computing,”meanwhile,has made that exploration so much easier.
Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy.But keeping nsitive information on thes
e devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life.Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable arches.
zarvaAs so often is the ca,stating that principle doesn’t ea the challenge of line-drawing.In many cas,it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to arch through phone contents.They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing vere,urgent circumstances,such as the threat of immed-iate harm,and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erad or altered while a warrant is pending.The court,though,may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.
But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole.New,disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections.Orin Kerr,a law professor,compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the21st century with the establishment of automobile u as a virtual necessity of life in the20th:The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the pasnger car then;they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.
26.The Supreme court,will work out whether,during an arrest,it is legitimate to______.
[A]arch for suspects’mobile phones without a warrant.
[B]check suspects’phone contents without being authorized.
[C]prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.
[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.
27.The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of______.
[A]tolerance[B]indifference[C]disapproval[D]cautiousness
28.The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to______.
[A]getting into one’s residence[B]handing one’s historical records
[C]scanning one’s correspondences[D]going through one’s wallet
考研怎么报名29.In Paragraph5and6,the author shows his concern that______.
[A]principles are hard to be clearly expresd.[B]the court is giving police less room for action.
[C]phones are ud to store nsitive information.[D]citizens’privacy is not effectively protected.
30.Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that______.
[A]the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.
[B]New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.sugar and spice
[C]California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.
[D]Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.
Text3
The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process,editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today.The policy follows similar efforts from other journals,after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published rearch findings.
“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,”writes McNutt in an edito
rial. Working with the American Statistical Association,the journal has appointed ven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE).Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers.The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review the manuscripts.
Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change,McNutt said:“The creation of the‘statistics board’was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific rearch and is part of Science’s overall drive to increa reproducibility in the rearch we publish.”
Giovanni Parmigiani,a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health,is a member of the SBoRE group.He says he expects the board to“play primarily an advisory role.”He agreed to join becau he“found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel,unique and likely to have a lasting impact.This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itlf,but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”
John Ioannidis,a physician who studies rearch methodology at Stanford University,says that the p
olicy is “a most welcome step forward”and“long overdue.”“Most journals are weak in statistical review,and this damages the quality of what they publish.I think that for the majority of scientific papers nowadays statistical review is more esntial than expert review,”he says.
Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data,but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published rearch,according to David Vaux,a cell biologist at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Rearch in Parkville,Australia.Rearchers should improve their standards,he wrote in Nature in2012, but journals should also take a tougher line,“engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”.Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians“has some merit,but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify the papers that need scrutiny in the first place”.
31.It can be learned from Paragraph1that______.
[A]Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.
[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks.
[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.
[D]lack of data analysis is common in rearch projects.
汤唯韩国获奖视频32.The phra“flagged up”(Para.2)is the clost in meaning to______.
[A]found[B]revid[C]marked[D]stored
33.Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may______.
[A]po a threat to all its peers[B]meet with strong opposition
[C]increa Science’s circulation[D]t an example for other journals
34.David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now______.
[A]adds to rearchers’workload[B]diminishes the role of reviewers
[C]has room for further improvement[D]is to fail in the foreeable future
35.Which of the following is the best title of the text?______.
[A]Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers[B]Professional Statisticians Derve More Respect
[C]Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’Desks[D]Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science
Text4
Two years ago,Rupert Murdoch’s daughter,Elisabeth,spoke of the“unttling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”.Integrity had collapd,she argued,becau of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism”in society should be profit and the market.But“it’s us,human beings,we the people who create the society we want,not profit”.
Driving her point home,she continued:“It’s increasingly apparent that the abnce of purpo,of a moral language within government,media or business could become one of the most dangerous own goals for capitalism and freedom.”This same abnce of moral purpo was wounding companies such as News International,she thought,making it more likely that it would lo its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.
As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World,Andy Coulson,for conspiring to hack phones,and finding his predecessor,Rebekah Brooks,innocent of the same charge—the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands.Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to5,500people. This is hacking on an industrial scale,as was acknowledged by Gle
nn Mulcaire,the man hired by the News of the World in2001to be the point person for phone hacking.Others await trial.This long story still unfolds.
In many respects,the dearth of moral purpo frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place.One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom,how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived.The core of her successful defen was that she knew nothing.
In today’s world,it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run.Perhaps we should not be so surprid.For a generation,the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit.The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility,shareholder value,business-friendly,wealth generation,sales,impact and,in newspapers,circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice,fairness,tolerance,proportionality and accountability.
The purpo of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding,to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity.It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation an
d impact.Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories,but she asked no questions,gave no instructions—nor received traceable,recorded answers.
36.According to the first two paragraphs,Elisabeth was upt by______.
[A]the conquences of the current sorting mechanism
[B]companies’financial loss due to immoral practices
[C]governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues
