Protestant Reformation
What is the Protestant Reformation?toefl机经
--A split or division in the church that weakens Christianity by dividing it. It will dramatically change the politics, religion and culture of Europe. The split is started by a dispute over theology and doctrine.
What is theology? What is doctrine?
元宵节英语--The proper beliefs and practices of a Christian, the authentic teachings of Jesus Christ.
--It tells us what beliefs qualify as Christian beliefs. It also tells us how to answer difficult religious questions.
--For example,
1) How does a person get saved (get the right to go to heaven)?
Protestants: Individual through faith alone in Christ
Catholics: Through faith in Christ but also through the catholic sacraments (e.g., communion, baptism, confession, pilgrimages etc.)
2) How important is Mary, the mother of Christ?
Protestants: Mary is not important at all…Only Christ.
Catholics: Mary is the mother of God and therefore is worthy also of worship can intervene between God and a Christian.
3) What is the highest authority of Christianity?
mayProtestants: The Bible and the individual (sola scriptura).
Catholics: The Pope and the Catholic Church.
Important: Becau of the printing press, people are able to read the Bible for the first time. They find support for doctrines that the Catholic Church never taught.
4) How should a Christian confess his/her sins?
Protestants: directly to God.
Catholics: to a priest.
5) Can a Christian work off his/her own sin debt?
Protestants: No. Only Christ can pay the debt.
2013年高考数学题Catholics: Yes, in purgatory or through special forgiveness by popes or bishops.
How does the Protestant Reformation get started?
Martin Luther (1485 – 1546 AD) is the man most responsible for starting this revolution.
--He’s a German monk that travels to Rome and finds a lot of corruption in the Catholic Church.
--Nails his 95 Thesis (arguments) to a church in Wittenburg, Germany. The are suggestions on how to reform the church and improve it.
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-His ideas spread all over Europe becau of the printing press.
打招呼的英文Ri of Nation-State’s
During the Early Modern period, in Northern and Western Europe, the unified idea of nation - states began to develop. The monarchial nation states (monarchial becau the state was governed by a king), began to replace the feudal kingship idea of the Middle Ages. Prior to the 1500's the King was not an absolute ruler, but rather ruled with the connt of his nobles. During this epoch however, the notion that King's rule is by Divine Rights, the monarch now became absolute.
The consolidation of power also took a long time. Kings and queens worked to bring all the people of their territories under unified rule. Not surprisingly, then, the birth of the nation-state also saw the first rumblings of nationalism, as monarchs encouraged their subjects to feel loyalty toward the newly established nations.
In the early modern era, a number of monarchs began to consolidate power by weakenin
g the feudal nobles and allying themlves with the emerging commercial class. This difficult process sometimes required violence. The consolidation of power also took a long time. Kings and queens worked to bring all the people of their territories under unified rule. Not surprisingly, then, the birth of the nation-state also saw the first rumblings of nationalism, as monarchs encouraged their subjects to feel loyalty toward the newly established nations.
猴子捞月英文1. Major Characteristics of the Modern Nation-State
o Centralization of power
o vocabularyStrong monarchs
o Rising n of nationalism getoff
▪ national identity and loyalty)
o Monarchs and the state began to challenge the authority of the Catholic Church in its dominions
2.
o The establishment of large standing armies – financed by the state
o Development of state bureaucracies to handle the running of government
▪ Civil rvants rved the state and the monarchy ( bureaucrats- often middle class)
o States moved to control the nobility and aristocratic influence and power
o States moved to quell political opposition
tamifluFirst Great nation-states: Spain, England, and France
