段落的构成(Paragraphback to your heart Structure)
exeter段落是由表达单一中心思想(controlling idea or central idea)的一组句子(包括主题句topic ntence，扩展句supporting ntences及结论句concluding ntence)构成，是文章结构的基本独立单位。
一、主题句
ielts报名费主题句(topic ntence)是表达段落主题的句子。它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都围绕它扩展。
例：
My mother has pasd along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Don't argue with
parents;they will think you don't love them. Don't argue with children; they will think themlves victimized.Don't argue with spous; they will think you are a tiresome mate. D
on't argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mother's rules, in fact,can be summed up in two words: Don't argue.
主题句中提出的“certain rules”指的是什么？扩展句中通过四个“Don't argue”逐一加以交代。从结构来看，这是一个比较典型的段落，它包括了主题句，扩展句和结论句。
1. 主题句的位置
主题句通常放在段落的开端，其特点是开门见山地摆出问题，然后加以详细说明。其作用是使文章的结构更清晰，更具说服力，便于读者迅速地把握主题和想象全段的内容。主题句可以放在段中起到承上启下的作用，或放在段尾起概括全段的作用。但考虑到初学者的英语驾驭能力，建议学生在四级考试中尽量采用将主题句置于段首的写作手法。
menest例：
Our life today depends very much on energy. In towns and in villages, on farms and in factories,
machines have made life easier than it ud to be. The machines u energy, and energy is needed for heating, lighting, communications,carrying goods—everything.Factories and industrial plants u a great deal of energy to make the things that we u and buy and ll.这段文字所讲的主要是能源问题。第一句就概括性地提出“我们目前的生活很大程度上依赖于能源”。而随后出现的三句都是具体事例，对第一句进行说明和论述。因此可以断定第一句为该段的主题句。例：
(主题句)No one can avoid being influenced byadvertiments.(扩展句1)Much as we may pride ourlves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choo the things we want,for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us.(扩展句2)In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertirs have made a clo study of human nature and have classified all our little weakness.
以上这段由三句话组成。第一句是主题句，直截了当指出无人不受广告影响这个主题，接着列举两个扩展句对其补充和支持，指出我们已无法自由选择所需的商品，理由是广告商已仔细研究了我们的心理，并完全掌握了我们的弱点。句子衔接自然，步步紧扣主题。
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2. 如何写好主题句中的关键词
段落的主题句对主题的限定主要是通过句中的关键词来表现的。关键词要尽量写得具体些。对“具体”的要求包括两个方面：一是要具体到能控制和限制段落的发展：二是要具体到能说明段落发展的方法。准确地把握关键词是清楚地表达段落主题、写好段落主题句的重要前提之一。在上面的两例中，主题句的关键词分别为：depends very much on energy; no one can avoid being influenced.
但它只是限制了段落发展的部分内容，并没有告诉读者该用哪种方法扩展，是用因果关系法还是用分类法？
修正：He can fix a bicycle himlf in veral simple steps.
修正：There are veral reasons why he can fix a2020六级成绩身份证查询入口
bicycle himlf.
变形金刚英文例：She tries to improve her looks.
adversary
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斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词。她试着改变她面容的理由是什么？或者她采取什么方法来改善呢？我们无法从关键词中清楚得知。
修正：She tries many ways to improve her looks.修正：There are some reasons why she tries to improve her looks.
3. 如何写好主题句的中心思想
主题句由两部分组成，即主题(topic)和中心思想(controlling idea)。中心思想的作用是导向(control)和制约(limit)。我们前面谈到的关键词就反映了中心思想。所谓导向就是规定段落的发展脉络，所谓制约就是限制主题的覆盖范围，两者不可分割。没有导向，内容就会离题或偏题；没有制约，内容就可能超出一个段落所能容纳的范围。对于初学写作的人来说，
“导向”的重要性容易理解，但如果由他们自己来构思一个主题句，就可能忽视“制约”这一面。
双语童话
例：
There are two ways in which one can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it,just as you have made it a part of yourlf and the best way to make yourlf a part of it is by writing in it.
本段的主题句如果没有in which引出的定语从句，那么two ways 不仅不能起制约作用，而且也不能起导向作用，句子本身读起来就会觉得欠缺点什么。
Exerci is beneficial to your heart. A 22-year study was conducted by doctors in California.They found that people who work at physical jobs experience fewer heart attacks than other people.The active people work all the time at moderate speeds; their daily routine gives them an adequate amount of exerci and helps them stay in shape.
“Exerci is beneficial”这是毫无疑义的，但主题句中如不加上“to your heart”来加以control和limit，那就流于空泛。因此，紧紧把握主题句中controlling idea的导向和制约作用，是主题句写作成功的关键。
