名词解释
1.Language: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication.
2.Design features of language(语言的区别性特征) dueto:
i.Arbitrariness: the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning=language is arbitrary in the n that there is no intrinsic connection between a pen) and the object it refers to .
ii.Duality: the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are compod of elements of the condary level. By duality we mean that language system has two ts of structures, one of sounds and the other of meanings.指拥有两层结构的这种特性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分。指语言是声音和意义双重结构组成的系统。
举例： Sounds > syllables > words > phras > claus > ntences> texts/discours
iii.Productivity： Language can be ud to create new meanings becau of its duality .长春新东方英语学校语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子，是由双层结构造成的结果（Understand and create unlimited number with ntences）
iv.Displacement：Human languages enable their urs to symbolize something which are not prent at the moment of communication.
v.Cultural transmission: language is pasd on from generation to generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct.
3.Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It is a scientific study becau it is bad on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.
4.Psycholinguistics: It is the study of how language is acquired, understood and produced.
5.Langue: F. de Saussure. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all t
he members of a speech community. 语言指语言系统的整体，这个整体相对是比较稳定的。（abstract）
6.Parolerim: the realization of langue in actual u. 言语则指代某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语。（concrete）
7.Competence: Chomsky. Competence is the ideal ur's knowledge of the rules of his language.
8.Performance: Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
9.Phoneme(音位）： A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is the smallest unit of sound in a language, of distinctive value, abstract. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is reprented or realized by a certain phone in a certain context.
10.Allophones(音位变体）：The non-distinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme. For example, in English, when the phoneme/p/ occurs at the beginning of word
s like put and pair, it is aspirated; but when /p/ occurs in words like span and spare, it is unaspirated。The aspirated and unaspirated /p/ are allophones of the same phoneme.
11.Minimal pairs(最小对立体）：Word forms which differ from each other only by one sound.
英国bbcFor example, in English, pill and bill are a minimal pair
12.Complementary distribution(互补分布）：Not all the speech sounds occur in the same environment. When two sounds never occur in the same environment, for example, the unaspirated/p/ always occurs after /s/ while the aspirated one always occurs in other places.
13.Supragmental phonology(超音段音位）：stress（重音）accumulated (word stress & ntence stress), tone （音调）and intonation（语调）.
14.Morphology：It’s the branch of linguistics that studies that internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.
15.Morpheme(词素）： The minimal unit of meaning, the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content. PS:神探夏洛克第三季Types: roots(词根）affix（词缀）and stem（词干）.
16.产品说明翻译Inflectional affix（屈折词缀）：Inflectional affixes are mostly suffixes(后缀),which are always word drums, walks, Mary's)
①limited in number ②not change the part of speech ③indicating grammatical meaning
④解词conditioned by the phra or ntence they attach to
17.derivational affix（派生词缀）: Derivational affixes can be depart, online) or suffixes(e.g. teacher, workable).
①change the lexical meaning ②might or might not change the part of speech(词性)
③bad on simple meaning distinctions ④more productive ⑤can be prefixes or suffixes
veaks
18.Word-formation(构词）： the process of word variations signaling lexical relationships. They are compound(合成）and derivation (补习学校哪家好派生).
19.Syntax：It is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form ntences and the rules that govern the formation of ntences.
20.Category(范畴）： It refers to the defining properties of words.& the categories of the noun and the pronoun are usually said to the categories of number（数）, gender（性）, ca（格）.
21.Syntactical category(句法范畴): A group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in ntence-formation. （在句子构成中起相同作用的一类语言单位）
