金羊毛的故事
1、competence and performance
平面设计学徒
动画制作培训 1.1 The definition
According to the text book, competence is the knowledge you subconsciously posss about how to speak a language. Performance is your real world linguistic output. For my understanding ,the competence consists in the knowledge of language which the language ur in principle has; the performance is the result of the psychological process that employs this knowledge----in producing or in interpreting language utterances
1.2.The Relationship
Language competence and performance are interdependent and complementary to each other.
On the one hand ,language competence is the premi of language performance. Competence is to performance what compor’s skills is to composing or improvising music.without solid language skills can not gain a good ability of language u.
On the other hand ,to improve the ability of language performance can enhance and consolidate the level of language competence .performance is reflected in the competence ,since language ability is not equal to the ability to u the language.performance can neither be replaced by nor improved in space with competence ,but to gain by training and practicing.
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1.3 Example
As mentioned above, Performance pep英语四年级下册may accurately reflect competence, but it also may include speech errors due to slips of the tongue or 谷歌翻译工具memory problems, etc.To understand this distinction, it is helpful to to think about a time when you've made some sort of error in your speech. For example, let's say you are a native speakerbare of English and utter the following:
I finded a beautiful place last weekend.
As a proficient speaker, it isn't that you don't know that the past ten of find is found , yo
u've just mistakenly applied the regular rule to an irregular verb. You're unlikely to make this kind of error more than a small portion of the time, and may never say "finded" again. Your competence is fine - you know how to conjugate irregular English verbs, it is your performance that has let you down
2、Langue and parole
2.1 The definition
Langue is the system of a language, the language as a system of signs, whereas parole is actual speech, the speech acts which are make possible by the language. Langue is what the individual assimilates when he learns a language; it is social and abstract and enables the members of a speech community to communicate linguistically.
Parole, on the other hand, is individual and concrete; it is the realization of the language system. In parating langue from parole, we are parating what is social from what is individual and what is esntial from what is accidental. The task of linguist is to study langue, language as a system.
2.2.The Relationship
Langue is ud to express the voice of the complex and the most important of human communication tool. Langue is abstract, parole specific to the speaking situation; langue not actually spoken by an individual.Parole constitutes the immediately accessible data, the linguist’s proper object is the langue of each community, the lexicon, grammar, and phonology implanted in each individual by his upbringing in society and on the basis of which he speaks and understands his language.
when we say parole, the speaker us the vocal cords and all kinds of vocal organ to issue voice to convey meaning so that tho who listen to can understand the communication process.But langue is cloly related with the thinking of mankind, and the esntial character that different from other animals.
2.21 the difference
First,langue is abstract and parole is concrete . Parole has sound and written form,which can be saw and heard.
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Second,langue is a generally accepter way of communication.It is social and national,which cannot be easily changed by individual.A person shares the same langue.On the other hand,parole is simply a personal choice.
Third,langue is relatively fixed and parole is temporary.Only when a new word gains public recognition,can it be accepted as part of the langue.
Finally langue denotes the abstract systematic principles of a language. Parole, on the other hand, designates individual acts, statements and utterances, events of language u. So we can e the key points are “systematic principle” and “individual language u”.
2011吉林高考分数线
brazzaville 2.22 the relation
From all above, we can make a clear conclusion on the relationship between langue and parole
Parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relativ
ely stable, it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.
That parole must depend on langue, and without parole, there would not be any existing significance for langue.I think langue and parole are interdependent. They together constitute language.
