Chapter 1
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1. What is the scope of lexicology? How is lexicology related to lexicography and etymology?
2. What are diachronic approach历时性研究and synchronic approach共识性研究in lexicological study?
lexicology, a branch of linguistics, deals with the nature, history, u , and meaning of words and the relationships between elements of words. Lexicology mainly covers the origin, development, structure, meaning, and application of words.
Linguists usually define a word as the smallest unit of a language
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1. Lexicology includes phonetics语音学phonology音韵学mantics 语义学etymology词源学lexicography词典学morphology形态学Etymology, which can be regarded as a subfield of lexicology, mainly focus on the study of the origin and history of words. Lexicography, another related branch to lexicology, is mainly concerned with inclusion of words and the science of compiling dictionaries. Lexicography is about the application of lexicology--the science of dictionaries.
Translation;
coal abounds in this province.
Crystal water wells out of the spring.
2. Two major approaches are employed in lexicological studies;
diachronic approach and synchronic approach. They are also two principal approaches to the study of language. all languages exist in a state of constant change and development. In language studies, linguists may investigate the history and stages of language change(diachronic) in a cour of time. It is historical lexicology. At the same time, they can study the language u, features and variation within a certain stage of its development(synchronic). Then it is descriptive lexicology.
3. Chapter 2
1, what are the major foreign influences upon the development of the English vocabulary? Are there any other sources of influence that are not discusd in this chapter? Could you find some and add with examples?
2, what factors do you think might influence the development of the English language? In your opinion, what will be English language be like in 50 years?
The English vocabulary sprang from three major root sources; Germanic, Latin, and Greek.
① Germanic tribes; anglo-Saxons, form AD450 to 1150; old English period, they contributed about 50. 000 very basic words in today’s English.
②Latin; Roman Occupation, 55BC-AD410. The status of England
was re-enhanced as the Latin-speaking missionaries brought Christianity to England.
amy是什么意思中文
Greek; Roman conquerors turned to learn Greek, and the English nobles began to learn Latin.
French; in 1066, the Norman French conquered Britain and brought the French style of life to England.
Italy; the European Renaissance, which originated from Italy in the late 14th century and began in large scale in Western Europe throughout the 15th century, signified a new epoch of scientific revolution, religious reforms, artistic transformations, and literary revival.as a result of this cultural movement, quite a number of Italian words become a permanent part of the English vocabulary.唇膏英文
In the 17th century, British conquered the place we call United State, mixed English with their language.
In conclusion, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Jute, Viking, Norman.
Chapter3
1. What is morpheme? What are the major types of morphemes? What is allomorph词素变体?
A morpheme词素is the smallest part of a word that has grammatical function or meaning. For example, walks, walked, and walking can be analyzed into the morphemes(walk). None of the morphemes can be further divided into meaningful units.
Morpheme;
▪free morpheme自由词素it does not have to be attached to another morpheme.
idiocracy▪bound morpheme粘着词素they must be attached to some other unit(s).
▪inflectional morpheme\屈折词素such as -s, -ed, -ing，the addition of inflectional morphemes merely changes word form. Such as
▪derivational morpheme派生词素.re-, un-, -ness, -ful . The addition of derivational morphemes creates new words. Such as possible→impossible
八年级英语上册单词When a morpheme has variant forms, the variant forms are called allomorphs. Allomorphs are different realizations of the same morpheme. Such as tooth→teeth,sheep→sheep(different pronunciation.)
Chapter4
四级辅导>convictionThe formation of English Words;tongue是什么意思
▪ derivation派生法; is the process by which new words are formed form existing words or roots by adding affixes词缀( prefix, suffix).
Such as; lf+less→lfless,lf+less+ly→lflessly, un+lf+ish→unlfish.
▪compounding复合法；is a direct process of word formation. A compound word is usually formed of two or more independent words that can be ud alone as individual words.
Eg; databa, weblog, webpage, customer rvice, data retrieval, mass-destruction
▪conversion转类法；is a process in which the part of speech of a word changes while its form is maintained. Conversion is also defined as” zero derivation,” which means that a word can play a new role without deriving anything or making any changes.
yizhiSuch as; water n, v. bottle→to bottle, clot, fool, knife, name, pocket, ship, can, e-mail, heat, microwave, nur, shape, tutor. n→v
▪blending拼缀法；is a word formation process in which parts of words are put together to get a new word. Such as; smoke+ fog→smog,spread+crawl爬行→sprawl伸开四肢坐或卧, camcorder→camera+recorder,blog→web+log,brunch→breakfast+lunch, comcast→communication+broadcast, guestimate→guest+estimate, intercom →internal+ communication, laundromat→laundry+automat, medicaid→medical+care+aid, medicare→medical + care,
