考研英语阅读，这样做才有效18
1)Specialisation can be en as a respon to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and u it as the basis for further rearch. But specialisation was only one of a ries of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
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2)No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word ‘amateur’ does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its conquent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in tho areas of science bad especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
3)A comparison of British geological publications over the last
century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of rearch, but also a ch
anging definition of what constitutes an acceptable rearch paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies reprented worthwhile rearch in their own right; but in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by veral local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical conquence of this development, parate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within of or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
4)Although the process of professionalisation and
specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full conquences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
pccpQuestions:
1 What are the two related developments in science affecting the process of communication mentioned in the essay?
2 According to paragraph 2, what is the connotation of “amateur” ?
make n3 What does the author intend proving with the example of the development of geology in the United Kingdom?
4 What does the comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveal?
5 What has reinforced the amateurs’ harder entrance to professional geological journals?tenne
For your references:
stormwind
1 Specialisation and professionalisation in scientific rearch.文围绕科学领域中的specialisation和professionalisation进行了讨论。
美国预科2 Amateurs are the rearcher who are not fully integrated into the scientific communities and may not fully share the values of scientific communities. 文中提到：“...the word ‘amateur’ does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values.(“业余”一词的确带有一种含义，即相关人员没有完全融入科学界，尤其是不能充分使用其价值。）
留学咨询>casual3 The example of geology is intended to show that amateurs found it more difficult to participate in science rearch with the development of specialisation. 本题的答案存在于：The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its conquent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in tho areas of science bad especially on a mathematical or laboratory training.作者
thepang
例举地质学来说明随着专业化发展，业余研究人员从事科研会遇到更大的困难。在以数学或实验为基础的科学领域几位明显，比如geology。
4 The comparison reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of rearch(研究的重要性）, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable rearch paper.(与150年前的英国地质出版物相比，不仅可以看出人们越来越强调研究的重要性，而且也在改变着什么是可接受的科研论文的定义。)mba考试难度大吗
5 The amateurs’ harder entrance to professional geological journals has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing(审阅).
