There are many different types of surveys such as land surveys, route surveys, city surveys, construction surveys, hydrographic surveys, etc., but generally speaking, surveying is divided into two major categories: geodetic and plane surveying. （测量分为许多不同的类型，如土地测量，路线测量，城市测量，建筑测量，水道测量等等，但是总的来说，测量分为两个主要的种类：大地测量和平面测量） Surveys will either take into account the true shape of the Earth（Geodetic surveys）or treat the earth as a flat surface(Plane surveys). （是考虑地球真实形状的大地测量还是将地球当成一个平面的平面测量【紧跟着上句】
The type of surveying that takes into account the true shape of the earth is called geodetic surveying. （考虑地球真实形状的测量工作称为大地测量） This type of survey is suited for large areas and long lines and is ud to find the preci location of basic points needed for establishing control for other surveys. （这种测量适用于大范围和长距离的测量工作，用来确立基本点的精确位置，用以建立其他测量工作所需的控制网。） In geodetic surveys, the stations are normally long distances apart, and more preci instruments and surveying methods are required for this type of surveying than for plane
surveying.（在大地测量中，站点经常是互相距离很远，那么这种测量就比平面测量需要更精确的仪器和测量方法。）兔子的英文单词
There is clo cooperation between geodetic surveying and plane surveying.（大地测量和平面测量关系密切。） The geodetic survey adopts the parameters determined by measurements of the earth, and its own results are available to tho who measure the earth. （大地测量采用通过测量地球得到的参数，而其计算结果又可以被测量地球【确定地球参数】的工作所利用【available可利用的】） The plane surveys, in turn, are generally tied to the control points of the geodetic surveys and rve particularly in the development of national map ries and in the formation of real
mayday什么意思estate cadastres.（接下来【in turn】，平面测量，一般依赖于大地测量建立的控制点，在国家地图系列【国家地图集】的发展和在房地产地籍【real estate cadastre】信息领域提供特别服务。）
日语翻译软件下载If the distance is longer than the length of tape, then we can divide the long distance into veral gments and get the total distance by plus each gment together. Since differe
新东方在线课堂halfanhournt tapes have different starts of zero of the tapes, it is very important to judge where the zero of the tape begins.如果距离比尺长要长，那么我们可以将其分成几段，把每段长加起来获得总长。由于不同的尺有不同的0刻度，判断尺的0刻度在哪儿十分重要。
Some points in a control network have both accurate positions and elevations.（有些控制网的点既有精确的平面位置也有精确的高程） Control networks range from small, simple and inexpensive to large and complex and very expensive to establish.（控制网的范围从小的、简单的、便宜的网到大的、复杂的、昂贵的网）
The method of surveying called triangulation is bad on the trigonometric proposition that if one side and three angles of a triangle are known, the remaining sides can be computed by the law of sines.（这种测量方法称为三角测量，基于三角【trigonometric三角法的】法则【proposition命题】，【that引导的宾语从句】如果三角形的一条边和三个角已知，剩下的边可以用正弦定理【law of sines】计算出） Furthermore, if the direction of one side is known, the direction of the remaining sides can be determined.（而且，如果一条边的方向已知，余下的边的方向也可以确定） And then coordinates of unknown poin
ts can be computed by application of trigonometry.（那么未知点的坐标就可以使用三角法计算出来）
An open traver originates either at a point of known horizontal position with respect to a horizontal datum or at an assumed horizontal position, and terminates at a station who relative position is not previously known.（支导线起始于【originate起源】一个水平位置已知（相对于一个水平基准【水平坐标系】）或水平位置假定的点，终止【terminate】于相对位置【relative position】事先未知的站点。） incumbent
Clod travers provide also checks on the measured distances, and the position closure can be determined mathematically, which means that an indication of the consistency of measuring distances as well as angles should be given to a traver that clos on itlf.（闭合导线同时提供测量过的距离的检核，位置的闭合差可以计算得到，这就意味着测量的距离同测角一样，应当予以闭合【像上面角度那样traver为什么不翻译？？】【consistency 一致性】【indication指出、迹象】）【which引导非限定性定语从句】 Theoretically this position closure from the origin back to itlf should be zero.（理
论上【Theoretically】，从起点闭合到它自己，位置的闭合差应该是0） But the Errors in the measured distances and angles of the travers, however, will tend to alter the shape of the traver, therefore we should compute the algebraic sum of the latitudes and algebraic sum of the departures, and compare them with the fixed latitude and departure of a straight line from the origin to the closing point.（但是距离和角度的测量误差，会【tend to趋向】改变【alter】导线的形状，因此我们应当分别计算纵距【latitude纬度、纵距】与横距【departure】的代数【algebraic代数的】和，然后与从起点到终点的连线的确定的【fixed】纵距与横距相比较）peertopeer
