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Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior.[1]
There are three different viewpoints of Ethics, they are Stoicism, Epicureanism, Hedonism respectively
The Stoic philosopher Epictetus posited that the greatest good was contentment and renity. Peace of mind, or Apatheia, was of the highest value; lf-mastery over one's desires and emotions leads to spiritual peace. The "unconquerable will" is central to this philosophy. The individual's will should be independent and inviolate. Allowing a person to disturb the mental equilibrium is in esnce offering yourlf in slavery. If a person is free to anger you at will, you have no control over your internal world, and therefore no freedom. Freedom from material attachments is also necessary. If a thing breaks, the person should not be upt, but realize it was a thing that could break. Similarly, if someone should die, tho clo to them should hold to their renity becau the loved one was made of flesh
and blood destined to death. Stoic philosophy says to accept things that cannot be changed, resigning onelf to existence and enduring in a rational fashion. Death is not feared. People do not "lo" their life, but instead "return", for they are returning to God (who initially gave what the person is as a person). Epictetus said difficult problems in life should not be avoided, but rather embraced. They are spiritual exercis needed for the health of the spirit, just as physical exerci is required for the health of the body. He also stated that x and xual desire are to be avoided as the greatest threat to the integrity and equilibrium of a man's mind. Abstinence is highly desirable. Epictetus said remaining abstinent in the face of temptation was a victory for which a man could be proud.[7]
Epicurean ethics is a hedonist form of virtue ethics. Epicurus "prented a sustained argument that pleasure, correctly understood, will coincide with virtue".[8] He rejected the extremism of the Cyrenaics, believing some pleasures and indulgences to be detrimental to human beings. Epicureans obrved that indiscriminate indulgence sometimes resulted in negative conquences. Some experiences were therefore rejected out of hand, and some unpleasant experiences endured in the prent to ensure a better life in t
he future. To Epicurus the summum bonum, or greatest good, was prudence, exercid through moderation and caution. Excessive indulgence can be destructive to pleasure and can even lead to pain. For example, eating one food too often will cau a person to lo taste for it. Eating too much food at once will lead to discomfort and ill-health. Pain and fear were to be avoided. Living was esntially good, barring pain and illness. Death was not to be feared. Fear was considered the source of most unhappiness. Conquering the fear of death would naturally lead to a happier life. Epicurus reasoned if there was an afterlife and immortality, the fear of death was irrational. If there was no life after death, then the person would not be alive to suffer, fear or worry; he would be non-existent in death. It is irrational to fret over circumstances that do not exist, such as one's state in death in the abnce of an afterlife.[9]
Hedonism posits that the principal ethic is maximizing pleasure秋季护肤常识 and minimizing pain. There are veral schools of Hedonist thought ranging from tho advocating the indulgence of even momentary desires to tho teaching a pursuit of spiritual bliss. In their consideration of conquences, they range from tho advocating lf-gratification r
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egardless of the pain and expen to others, to tho stating that the most ethical pursuit maximizes pleasure and happiness for the most people.[10]
Business ethics (also corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that ari in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and entire organizations.
history
Business ethical norms reflect the norms of each historical period. As time pass norms evolve, causing accepted behaviors to become objectionable. Business ethics and the resulting behavior evolved as well. Business was involved in slavery,[4][5][6] colonialism,[7][8] and the cold war.[9][10]
The term 'business ethics' came into common u in the United States in the early 1970s. By the mid-1980s at least 500 cours in business ethics reached 40,000 students, using some twenty textbooks and at least ten cabooks along supported by professional societies, centers and journals of business ethics. The Society for Business Ethics was started in 1980. European business schools adopted business ethics after 1987 commencing with the European Business Ethics Network (EBEN).[11][12][13][14] In 1982 the first single-authored books in the field appeared.[15][16]
pbaFirms started highlighting their ethical stature in the late 1980s and early 1990s, possibly trying to distance themlves from the business scandals of the day, such as the savings and loan crisis. The idea of business ethics caught the attention of academics, media and business firms by the end of the Cold War.[12][17][18] However, legitimate criticism of business practices was attacked for infringing the "freedom" of entrepreneurs and critics were accud of supporting 呈现的意思communists.[19][20] This scuttled the discour of business ethics both in media and academia.理发培训哪家好[21
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isolatedBusiness ethics reflects the 手机英语翻译器philosophy of business, one of who aims is to determine the fundamental purpos of a company. If a company's purpo is to maximize shareholder returns, then sacrificing profits to other concerns is a violation of its fiduciary responsibility. Corporate entities are legally considered as persons in USA and in most nations. The 'corporate persons' are legally entitled to the rights and liabilities due to citizens as persons.
