May 2, 2012
FDA Perspectives: Scientific Considerations of Forced Degradation Studies in ANDA Submissions
By Ragine Maheswaran
The author outlines the scientific aspects of forced degradation studies that should be considered in relation to ANDA submissions.
Forced degradation is synonymous with stress testing and purpoful degradation. Purpoful
revive什么意思degradation can be a uful tool to predict the stability of a drug substance or a drug product with effects on purity, potency, and safety. It is imperative to know the impurity profile and behavior of a drug substance under various stress conditions. Forced degradation also plays an important role in the development of analytical methods, tting specifications, and design of formulations under the quality-by-design (QbD) paradigm. The nature of the stress testing depends on the individual drug substance and the type of drug product (e.g., solid oral dosage, lyophilized powders, and liquid formulations) involved (1).
新思达The International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Q1B guideline provides guidance for performing
photostability stress testing; however, there are no additional stress study recommendations in the ICH stability or validation guidelines (2). There is also limited information on the details about the study of oxidation and hydrolysis. The drug substance monographs of Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances and Excipients provide some information with respect to different stress conditions of various drug substances (3).
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The forced degradation information provided in the abbreviated new drug application (ANDA)
submissions is often incomplete and in tho cas deficiencies are cited. An overview of common deficiencies cited throughout the chemistry, manufacturing, and controls (CMC) ction of the ANDAs has been published (4 –6). Some examples of commonly cited deficiencies related to forced degradation studies include the following:
Your drug substance does not show any degradation under any of the stress conditions. Plea repeat stress studies to obtain adequate degradation. If degradation is not achievable, plea provide your rationale.
•Plea note that the conditions employed for stress study are too harsh and that most of your drug substance has degraded. Plea repeat your stress studies using milder conditions or shorter expos
ure time to generate relevant degradation products.
•It is noted that you have analyzed your stresd samples as per the assay method conditions. For the related substances method to be stability indicating, the stresd samples should be analyzed using related substances method conditions.
•Plea state the attempts you have made to ensure that all the impurities including the
degradation products of the unstresd and the stresd samples are captured by your analytical method.
•
Plea provide a list summarizing the amount of degradation products (known and unknown) in •
your stresd samples.
•
Plea verify the peak height requirement of your software for the peak purity determination.branching
•
Plea explain the mass imbalance of the stresd samples.
•
Plea identify the degradation products that are formed due to drug-excipient interactions.
•
Your photostability study shows that the drug product is very nsitive to light. Plea explain how this is reflected in the analytical method, manufacturing process, product handling, etc.
In an attempt to minimize deficiencies in the ANDA submissions, some general recommendations to conduct forced degradation studies, to report relevant information in the submission, and to utilize th
e knowledge of forced degradation in developing stability indicating analytical methods, manufacturing process, product handling, and storage are provided in this article.
Stress conditions
Typical stress tests include four main degradation mechanisms: heat, hydrolytic, oxidative, and photolytic degradation. Selecting suitable reagents such as the concentration of acid, ba, or oxidizing agent and varying the conditions (e.g., temperature) and length of exposure can achieve the preferred level of degradation. Over-stressing a sample may lead to the formation of condary degradants that would not be en in formal shelf-life stability studies and under-stressing may not rve the purpo of stress testing. Therefore, it is necessary to control the degradation to a desired level. A generic approach for stress testing has been propod to achieve purpoful degradation that is predictive of long-term and accelerated storage conditions (7). The generally recommended degradation varies between 5-20% degradation (7 –10). This range covers the generally permissible 10% degradation for small molecule pharmaceutical drug products, for which the stability limit is 90%-110% of the label claim. Although there are references in the literature that mention a wider recommended range (e.g., 10-30%), the more extreme stress conditions often provide data that are confounded with condary degradation products.
Photostability. Photostability testing should be an integral part of stress testing, especially for photo-labile compounds. Some recommended conditions for photostability testing are described in ICH Q1B Photostability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products (2). Samples of drug substance, and
傲骨贤妻 第四季solid/liquid drug product, should be expod to a minimum of 1.2 million lux hours and 200 watt hours per square meter light. The same samples should be expod to both white and UV light. To minimize the effect of temperature changes during exposure, temperature control may be necessary. The light-expod samples should be analyzed for any changes in physical properties such as appearance, clarity, color of solution, and for assay and degradants. The decision tree outlined in the ICH Q1B can be ud to determine the photo stability testing conditions for drug products. The product labeling should reflect the appropriate storage conditions. It is also important to note that the labeling for generic drug products should be concordant with that of the reference listed drug (RLD) and with United States Pharmacopeia (USP) monograph recommendations, as applicable.
Heat. Thermal stress testing (e.g., dry heat and wet heat) should be more strenuous than recommended ICH Q1A accelerated testing conditions. Samples of solid-state drug substances and drug products should be expod to dry and wet heat, whereas liquid drug products can be expod
to dry heat. It is recommended that the effect of temperature be studied in 10 °C increments above that for routine accelerated testing, and humidity at 75% relative humidity or greater (1). Studies may be conducted at higher temperatures for a shorter period (10). Testing at multiple time points could provide information on the rate of degradation and primary and condary degradation products. In the event that the stress conditions produce little or no degradation due to the stability of a drug molecule, one should ensure that the stress applied is in excess of the energy applied by accelerated conditions (40 °C for 6 months) before terminating the stress study.
Acid and ba hydrolysis. Acid and ba hydrolytic stress testing can be carried out for drug substances and drug products in solution at ambient temperature or at elevated temperatures. The lection of the type and concentrations of an acid or a ba depends on the stability of the drug substance. A strategy for generating relevant stresd samples for hydrolysis is stated as subjecting the drug substance solution to various pHs (e.g., 2, 7, 10 –12) at room temperature for two weeks or up to a maximum of 15% degradation (7). Hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid (0.1 M to 1 M) for acid hydrolysis and sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide (0.1 M to 1 M) for ba hydrolysis are suggested as suitable reagents for hydrolysis (10). For lipophilic drugs, inert co-solvents may be ud to solubilize the drug substance. Attention should be given to the functional groups prent in t
he drug molecule when lecting a co-solvent. Prior knowledge of a compound can be uful in lecting the stress conditions.
For instance, if a compound contains ester functionality and is very labile to ba hydrolysis, low concentrations of a ba can be ud. Analysis of samples at various intervals can provide information on the progress of degradation and help to distinguish primary degradants from condary degradants. Oxidation. Oxidative degradation can be complex. Although hydrogen peroxide is ud predominantly becau it mimics possible prence of peroxides in excipients, other oxidizing agents such as metal ions, oxygen, and radical initiators (e.g., azobisisobutyronitrile, AIBN) can also be ud. Selection of an oxidizing agent, its concentration, and conditions depends on the drug substance. Solutions of drug substances and solid/liquid drug products can be subjected to oxidative degradation. It is reported that subjecting the solutions to 0.1%-3% hydrogen peroxide at neutral pH and room temperature for ven days or up to a maximum 20% degradation could potentially generate relevant degradation products (10). Samples can be analyzed at different time intervals to determine the desired level of degradation. Different stress conditions may generate the same or different degradants. The type and extent of degradation depend on the functional groups of the drug molecule and the stress conditions.
Analysis method
The preferred method of analysis for a stability indicating assay is rever-pha high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Rever-pha HPLC is preferred for veral reasons, such as its compatibility with aqueous and organic solutions, high precision, nsitivity, and ability to detect polar compounds. Separation of peaks can be carried out by lecting appropriate column type, column temperature, and making adjustment to mobile pha pH. Poorly-retained, highly polar impurities should be resolved from the solvent front. As part of method development, a gradient elution method with varying mobile pha composition (very low organic composition to high organic composition) may be carried out to capture early eluting highly polar compounds and highly retained nonpolar compounds. Stresd samples can also be screened with the gradient method to asss potential elution pattern. Sample solvent and mobile pha should be lected to afford compatibility with the drug substance, potential impurities, and degradants. Stress sample preparation should mimic the sample preparation outlined in the analytical procedure as cloly as possible. Neutralization or dilution of samples may be necessary for acid and ba hydrolyzed samples. Chromatographic profiles of stresd samples should be compared to tho of relevant blanks (containing no active) and unstresd samples to determine the origin of peaks. The blank peaks sh
ould be excluded from calculations. The amount of impurities (known and unknown) obtained under each stress condition should be provided along with the chromatograms (full scale and expanded scale showing all the peaks) of blanks, unstresd, and stresd samples. Additionally, chiral drugs should be analyzed with chiral methods to establish stereochemical purity and stability (11, 12).
distinction
The analytical method of choice should be nsitive enough to detect impurities at low levels (i.e., 0.05% of the analyte of interest or lower), and the peak respons should fall within the range of detector's linearity. The analytical method should be capable of capturing all the impurities formed during a formal stability study at or below ICH threshold limits (13, 14). Degradation product identification and characterization are to be performed bad on formal stability results in accordance with ICH requirements. Conventional methods (e.g., column chromatography) or hyphenated techniques (e.g., LC –MS, LC –NMR) can be ud in the identification and characterization of the degradation products. U of the techniques can provide better insight into the structure of the impurities that could add to the knowledge space of potential structural alerts for genotoxicity and the control of such impurities with tighter limits (12 –17). It should be noted that structural characterization of degradation products is necessary for tho impurities that are formed during formal shelf-life stability studies and are above the qualification threshold limit (13).
英语六级报名网站>politics是什么意思无论如何的意思Various detection types can be ud to analyze stresd samples such as UV and mass spectroscopy. The detector should contain 3D data capabilities such as diode array detectors or mass spectrometers to be able to detect spectral non-homogeneity. Diode array detection also offers the possibility of checking peak profile for multiple wavelengths. The limitation of diode array aris when the UV profiles are similar for analyte peak and impurity or degradant peak and the noi level of the system is high to mask the co-eluting impurities or degradants. Compounds of similar molecular weights and functional groups such as diastereoisomers may exhibit similar UV profiles. In such cas, attempts must be made to modify the chromatographic parameters to achieve necessary paration. An optimal wavelength should be lected to detect and quantitate all the potential impurities and degradants. U of more than one wavelength may be necessary, if there is no overlap in the UV profile of an analyte and impurity or degradant peaks. A valuable tool in method development is the overlay of paration signals at different wavelengths to discover dissimilarities in peak profiles.
Peak purity analysis. Peak purity is ud as an aid in stability indicating method development. The spectral uniqueness of a compound is ud to establish peak purity when co-eluting compounds are prent.
Peak purity or peak homogeneity of the peaks of interest of unstresd and stresd samples should be established using spectral information from a diode array detector. When instrument software is ud for the determination of spectral purity of a peak, relevant parameters should be t up in accordance with the manufacturer's guidance. Attention should be given to the peak height requirement for establishing spectral purity. UV detection becomes non linear at higher absorbance values. Thresholds should be t such that co-eluting peaks can be detected. Optimum location of reference spectra should also be lected. The ability of the software to automatically correct spectra for continuously changing solvent background in gradient parations should be ascertained.
Establishing peak purity is not an absolute proof that the peak is pure and that there is no co-elution with the peak of interest. Limitations to peak purity ari when co-eluting peaks are spectrally similar, or below the detection limit, or a peak has no chromophore, or when they are not resolved at all.
Mass balance. Mass balance establishes adequacy of a stability indicating method though it is not achievable in all circumstances. It is performed by adding the assay value and the amounts of impurities and degradants to evaluate the cloness to 100% of the initial value (unstresd assay value) with due consideration of the margin of analytical error (1).
Some attempt should be made to establish a mass balance for all stresd samples. Mass imbalance should be explored and an explanation should be provided. Varying respons of analyte and impurity peaks due to differences in UV absorption should also be examined by the u of external standards. Potential loss of volatile impurities, formation of non-UV absorbing compounds, formation of early eluants, and potential retention of compounds in the column should be explored. Alternate detection techniques such as RI LC/MS may be employed to account for non-UV absorbing degradants. Termination of study
Stress testing could be terminated after ensuring adequate exposure to stress conditions. Typical activation energy of drug substance molecules varies from 12 –24 kcal/mol (18). A compound may not necessarily degrade under every single stress condition, and general guideline on exposure limit is cited in a review article (10). In circumstances where some stable drugs do not show any degradation under any of the stress conditions, specificity of an analytical method can be established by spiking the drug substance or placebo with known impurities and establishing adequate paration.
Other considerations英语标点符号
Stress testing may not be necessary for drug substances and drug products that have pharmacopeial methods and are ud within the limitations outlined in USP <621>. In the ca where a generic drug product us a different polymorphic form from the RLD, the drug substance should be subjected to stress testing to evaluate the physiochemical changes of the polymorphic form becau different polymorphic forms may exhibit different stability characteristics.
Forced degradation in QbD paradigm
A systematic process of manufacturing quality drug products that meet the predefined targets for the critical quality attributes (CQA) necessitates the u of knowledge obtained in forced degradation studies.
A well-designed, forced degradation study is indispensable for analytical method development in a QbD paradigm. It helps to establish the specificity of a stability indicating method and to predict potential degradation products that could form during formal stability studies. Incorporating all potential impurities in the analytical method and establishing the peak purity of the peaks of interest helps to avoid unnecessary method re-development and revalidation.
Knowledge of chemical behavior of drug substances under various stress conditions can also provid
e uful information regarding the lection of excipients for formulation development. Excipient compatibility is an integral part of understanding potential formulation interactions during product development and is a key part of product understanding. Degradation products due to drug-excipient interaction or drug-drug interaction in combination products can be examined by stressing samples of
drug substance, drug product, and placebo parately and comparing the impurity profiles. Information obtained regarding drug-related peaks and non-drug-related peaks can be ud in the lection and development of more stable formulations. For instance, if a drug substance is labile to oxidation, addition of an antioxidant may be considered for the formulation. For drug substances that are labile to acid or undergo stereochemical conversion in acidic medium, delayed-relea formulations may be necessary. Acid/ba hydrolysis testing can also provide uful insight in the formulation of drug products that are liquids or suspensions.
Knowledge gained in forced degradation studies can facilitate improvements in the manufacturing process. If a photostability study shows a drug substance to be photolabile, caution should be taken during the manufacturing process of the drug product. Uful information regarding process development (e.g., wet versus dry processing, temperature lection) can be obtained from thermal
stress testing of drug substance and drug product.
Additionally, incread scientific understanding of degradation products and mechanisms may help to determine the factors that could contribute to stability failures such as ambient temperature, humidity, and light. Appropriate lection of packaging materials can be made to protect against such factors.
Conclusion
An appropriately-designed stress study meshes well with the QbD approaches currently being promoted in the pharmaceutical industry. A well-designed stress study can provide insight in choosing the appropriate formulation for a propod product prior to intensive formulation development studies. A thorough knowledge of degradation, including mechanistic understanding of potential degradation pathways, is the basis of a QbD approach for analytical method development and is crucial in tting acceptance criteria for shelf-life monitoring. Stress testing can provide uful insight into the lection of physical form, stereo-chemical stability of a drug substance, packaging, and storage conditions. It is important to perform stress testing for generic drugs due to allowable qualitative and quantitative differences in formulation with respect to the RLD, lection of manufacturing process, processing parameters, and packaging materials.
Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank Bob Ir, Naiqi Ya, Dave Skanchy, Bing Wu, and Ashley Jung for their scientific input and support.
Ragine Maheswaran, PhD, is a CMC reviewer at the Office of Generic Drugs within the Office of Pharmaceutical Science, under the US Food and Drug Administration's Center for Drug Evaluation and Rearch, Ragine.Maheswaran@v [ragine.maheswaran@v]
Disclaimer: The views and opinions in this article are only tho of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the US Food and Drug Administration.
References
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2. ICH, Q1B Stability Testing: Photostability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products (Geneva, Nov. 1996).
3. H. Brittain, Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances and Excipients (Academic Press, London, 2002).
4. A. Srinivasan and R. Ir, Pharm. Technol. 34 (1), 50 –59 (2010).
5. A. Srinivasan, R. Ir, and D. Gill, Pharm. Technol. 34(8), 45 –51 (2010).
6. A. Srinivasan, R. Ir, and D. Gill, Pharm. Technol. 35 (2), 58 –67 (2011).
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8. K. M. Alsante, L. Martin and S. W. Baertschi, Pharm.Technol. 27(2) 60-72 (2003).
9. D. W. Reynolds, et al., Pharm.Technol. 26 (2), 48 –56 (2002).
10. K. M. Alsante et al., Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 59, 29 –37 (2007).
