（医学影像学）中英⽂对照学⽣翻译版天使英文怎么写
团队的⼒量 Strength of our team！
湘雅医院2008级五年制临床医学、⿇醉医学及⼝腔七年制18组同学合作完成本⽂的翻译
Double-Contrast Upper Gastrointestinal Radiography: A Pattern Approach for Dias of the Stomach
Abstract
The double-contrast upper gastrointestinal ries is a valuable diagnostic test for evaluating structural and functional abnormalities of the stomach. This article will review the normal radiographic anatomy of the stomach. The principles of analyzing double-contrast images will be discusd. A pattern approach for the diagnosis of gastric abnormalities will also be prented, focusing on abnormal mucosal patterns, depresd lesions, protruded lesions, thickened folds, and gastric narrowing.
This article prents a pattern approach for the diagnosis of dias of the stomach at double-contrast upper gastrointestinal radiography. After describing the normal appearance of the stomach on double-contrast barium studies and the principles of
double-contrast image interpretation, we will consider abnormal surface patterns of the mucosa, depresd lesions (erosions and ulcers), protruded lesions (polyps, submucosal mass, and other tumors), thickened folds, and gastric narrowing. 上消化道双重对⽐造影：⼀种⽤于胃部疾病诊断的成像⽅法
摘要
上消化道双重对⽐造影系列是⽤于评估胃部结构性和功能性病变的⼀种极有价值的诊断⽅法。本⽂将回顾胃部正常解剖的影像学表现，探讨双重对⽐造影图像分析的原则。⽂中还介绍了⼀种胃部病变的诊断⽅法，该法侧重于观察异常的黏膜形状，凹陷性的病变、突出性的病变、增厚的黏膜皱襞和消化道的狭窄。
本⽂阐述了⼀种通过上消化道双重对⽐造影诊断胃部疾病的⽅法。在描述双重对⽐造影中胃的正常表现和双重对⽐造影图像分析原则后，我们将关注胃粘膜表⾯的异常形态，凹陷性的病变（糜烂和溃疡）、突出性的病变（息⾁、黏膜下的块状物和其他肿块）、增厚的黏膜皱襞和消化道狭窄。
NORMAL STOMACH Gastric Configuration and Rugal Folds
The normal stomach is a J-shaped pouch that lies in the left upper quadrant (Fig 1). The stomach ha
s a fixed configuration created by the greater length of the longitudinal muscle layer on its greater curvature. The lesr curvature of the stomach is suspended from the retroperitoneum by the
hepatogastric ligament, a portion of the lesr omentum. The gastrosplenic ligament and gastrocolic ligament (ie, the proximal portion of the greater omentum) are attached to the greater curvature of the stomach. The gastric cardia is attached to the diaphragm by the surrounding phrenoesophageal membrane.
Figure 1: Normal stomach. Double-contrast spot
image of stomach with patient supine
shows distal gastric body (B) and
antrum (A). Greater curvature (white
arrows) and lesr curvature (black
arrows) are coated by barium. Rugal
fold on posterior wall of gastric body is
depicted as tubular, slightly undulating,
radiolucent filling defect (black
arrowheads) in shallow barium pool.
meadow
Den barium pool outlines contour
(white arrowheads) of gastric fundus
正常胃胃的外形与皱襞
正常的胃位于左上腹，形似J 型嚢袋（图1），
胃固定的形态是由胃⼤弯上较长的纵向肌层形成的。胃⼩弯通过⼩⽹膜的⼀部分--肝胃韧
带悬挂在腹膜后腔内。胃脾韧带和胃结肠韧带（即⼤⽹膜近端）连于胃⼤弯上。胃贲门通过其周围的隔⾷管膜连于隔上。图1：
正常胃：病⼈取仰卧位进⾏双重对⽐造影可以
显⽰远端的胃体（B）和胃窦（A）。胃⼤弯（⽩
⾊箭头所⽰）和胃⼩弯（⿊⾊箭头所⽰）均覆
盖有⼀层钡剂。射线透过钡池较浅的胃体部，
能显⽰出胃体后壁的粘膜皱襞，呈管状、细⼩
的波浪形的充盈缺损。胃底部（F）钡池稠密，
勾勒出胃底的轮廓（⽩⾊⼩箭头所⽰）。胃底
的粘膜表⾯和皱襞被稠密的钡池掩盖⽽不易
看见，胃窦部⽆皱襞。
(F). Mucosal surface and folds in fundus are obscured by barium pool, and antrum is devoid of rugal folds.
cardiac “rotte” (Fig 2) (1,2). The gastric fundus is defined as the
portion of the stomach craniad to the
gastric cardia. The gastric body is
defined as the portion of the stomach
extending from the gastric cardia to the
smooth bend in the mid lesr curvature
known as the incisura angularis. The
gastric antrum is defined as the portion
notebook pcof the stomach extending from the
askfor
incisura angularis to the pylorus (a
structure created by a muscle sphincter
shaped like a figure eight).
Figure 2:
Double-contrast spot image of gastric
fundus with patient in right-side-down
position shows normal gastric cardia
with smooth folds radiating to central
point (white arrow) at clod
gastroesophageal junction, also known
as cardiac rotte. Long, straight fold
(arrowheads) extends inferiorly from
东莞美容学校cardia along lesr curvature. Black
arrows denote normal extrinsic
impression by adjacent spleen.
Rugal folds are most prominent in the gastric fundus and body, whereas the gastric antrum is often devoid of folds (Fig 1). Gastric rugae are changeable
贲门“玫瑰花形”（图2）（1,2）胃底是指胃贲门⼊⼝⽔平线以上的部分。胃⼩
弯中断转弯处称为⾓切迹，胃⾃贲门⾄⾓切迹
的部分称为胃体。胃窦指从⾓切迹⾄胃幽门
（⼀个由括约肌组成的“8”字形结构）的部
分。
图2
在病⼈的仰卧⽔平右侧位胃底的双对⽐
造影点⽚上，可观察到正常的胃贲门有很多光
滑的皱襞，这些皱襞呈放射性的指向（⼤⽩箭
头）中间胃⾷管连接部即贲门瓣的位置。⼩⽩
箭头指的是直接从贲门延伸到胃⼩弯的纵⾏
皱襞，⿊箭头则为邻近的脾压迫胃所产⽣的压
迹。
胃皱襞⼤部分突起于胃底和胃体，胃窦通常是没有皱襞的（图1）。胃皱襞由粘膜层和粘膜下层组成（3,4），这些皱襞在胃⼩弯部⽐较直，在胃⼤弯部则呈波浪形。胃皱襞的厚
structures compod of mucosa and submucosa (3,4). The rugal folds are relatively straight on the lesr curvature of the stomach but larger and more
undulating on the greater curvature. The thickness of the rugal folds varies with the degree of gastric distention (5).
sheetmusicAreae Gastricae
The mucosal surface of the stomach
consists of flat polygonal-shaped tufts of
mucosa, known as areae gastricae,
parated by narrow grooves (6,7). The
areae gastricae are recognized on
double-contrast studies as a reticular
network of barium-coated white lines
when barium fills the grooves between
the mucosal tufts (Fig 3). Individual
mucosal tufts of areae gastricae
normally have a diameter of 2–3 mm in
the gastric antrum and of 3–5 mm in the
gastric body and fundus (Fig 3) (6,8).
Areae gastricae are detected on
double-contrast studies in nearly 70% of
patients and are obrved with greater
frequency in the elderly (8,9).
beginner是什么意思
Figure 3:
Double-contrast spot image of stomach with patient in left posterior oblique position shows normal areae gastricae pattern in antrum as 2–3-mm polygonally shaped radiolucent tufts of mucosa outlined by barium in grooves. 度随胃膨胀的程度⽽变化（5）。
胃区胃黏膜表⾯由扁平多边形黏膜丛构成，称
为胃区，它被狭窄的凹槽分隔（6,7）。在双
对⽐造影研究中，钡剂填充在黏膜丛的凹槽情妇第二季
中，胃区为由钡剂覆盖的⽩⾊线条交错构成的
复杂⽹状结构（图3）。机体胃区黏膜丛直径
在胃窦部⼀般为2⾄3厘⽶，在胃体和胃底部
为3⾄5厘⽶（图3）（6，8）。在近70%的
病⼈中，胃区能通过双对⽐相研究观察到，⽽
对于⽼年⼈，能被观察到的概率则更⼤（8,9）。莲雾 英文
图3
在病⼈左后斜位胃的双对⽐造影点⽚上可观察到胃窦部正常的胃区图像，即长为2⾄3厘⽶，多边形、射线可穿透的黏膜丛，由钡剂显⽰其轮廓。胃体尾部的胃⼩区⽐胃窦部稍微⼤些。
Areae gastricae are slightly larger in distal gastric body than in antrum.
Comparison of Histologic Anatomy with Macroscopic Anatomy
A basic understanding of the histologic anatomy of the stomach is helpful for understanding peptic ulcer dia, as well as other gastric abnormalities (5,10). The stomach contains veral types of mucosa: cardiac-type mucosa, body/fundic-type mucosa, and
antral/pyloric-type mucosa. Gastric foveolae (or pits) are conical depressions in the mucosal surface that communicate with gastric glands (4,10). The glands are long, straight, and tightly packed structures. The foveolae in all parts of the stomach are lined by surface foveolar mucous cells. The cardiac-type mucosa compris a short (1 cm in length) gment of the gastric mucosa adjacent to the gastroesophageal junction (4). The distinguishing feature of the body-type mucosa is the prence of parietal and chief cells in the glands. The parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, and the chief cells produce proteolytic enzymes. No parietal or chief cells are found in antral-type mucosa. The surface foveolar mucous cells line both antral pits and glands.
got you什么意思Body-type mucosa lines the anatomic gastric fundus and the gastric body and extends into the gastric antrum along the greater curvature (4). Antral-type mucosa lines the antrum along the lesr curvature from the pylorus to the incisura angularis, but only lines a small amount of antrum along the greater 组织学与宏观解剖学的⽐较
对胃组织学结构有⼀个基本的学习有助于我们更好的理解消化性溃疡及其它胃功能紊乱性疾病（5，10）。胃包括⼏种不同类型的黏膜：贲门型黏膜、胃体/胃底型黏膜，以及幽门/胃窦型黏膜。胃黏膜表⾯有些圆锥形的凹陷，叫做胃⼩凹（胃⼩点），它与胃腺相沟通（4,10）。腺体形直体长，且为严密包裹的结构。在胃的各个部分，胃⼩凹均由表层⼩凹黏膜细胞连接⽽成。贲门型黏膜由⼀个邻近胃⾷管连接部只有1厘⽶长的胃黏膜⼩段构成（4）。胃体型黏膜最明显的特征是其胃腺中有壁细胞和主细胞。壁细胞分泌盐酸和内因⼦，主细胞分泌蛋⽩⽔解酶。胃窦型黏膜中⽆壁细胞和主细胞。胃窦胃⼩凹和胃腺由胃⼩凹黏膜细胞相连。
胃体型黏膜移⾏贯穿于解剖学上的胃底和胃体，并沿着胃⼤弯延伸⾄胃窦部。胃窦型黏膜则沿着胃⼩弯从幽门到⾓切迹移⾏贯穿于整个胃窦部，但在胃⼤弯处只移⾏⼀⼩部分。所以，组织学上分型把胃分为体型及窦型黏膜，和解剖学上及放射学上把胃分为底部、体部、窦部是没有相关性的。
curvature. Thus, the histologic division of the stomach into body- and
antral-type mucosa does not correlate with the anatomic and radiologic division of the stomach into fundus, body, and antrum (5).
The transition zone between body- and antral-type mucosa is a line that extends from the incisura angularis to the distal greater curvature. The transition zone migrates proximally with age, extending
progressively higher on the lesr curvature. Peptic ulcers frequently develop on the lesr curvature at the transition zone (Fig 4).
Figure 4:
Double-contrast spot image of stomach with patient in supine position shows benign lesr curvature gastric ulcer (U) as smooth, ovoid collection of barium extending outside expected luminal contour of gastric body. Smooth folds are en radiating to edge of ulcer crater.
