学术论⽂写作之引⾔（Introduction）怎么写
如何写引⾔：
引⾔的组成
The background information 背景知识
The relevant literature 相关⽂献
The nature ,scope,purpo and significance of the problems investigated 研究的问题的重要性以及研究的意义The results of the investigation 研究结果
The conclusion suggested by the results 由仿真结果可以得出的结论
The explanation and definition of terms or abbreviations 术语或缩写的解释和定义
引⾔的特点
三⼤基本要求：
1. Attraction 吸引⼒
tatp
2. Brevity 简洁
3. Clarity 清晰
引⾔的结构与布局
看了很多论⽂，其introduction部分⼀般是以如下内容排版⽅式进⾏写作：
论⽂研究领域的背景知识，引⼊研究课题
背景知识
ALMOST all electronic devices, such as home appliances, automotive electronics, office facilities, customer,electronics, various nsors and actuators are expected to be connected to the Internet in future, and thus form the Internet of Things (IoT). Boosted by big data, IoT will greatly facilitate our da ily life and make rvices more intelligent, such as smart home, transportation, health-care, manufacture, and factory [1].
研究课题
6级查分To earn the welfare of the IoT, the cloud computing and cloud storage infrastructure that can provide sufficient processing and storage resources are considered as the enabler for ubiquitous IoT rvices. However, with the rapid increasing popularity of emerging applications, such as augmented real ity, face and voice recognition, wearable computing, image and video processing, the centralized cloud-bad IoT rais concerns [2], such as latency due to long distance between ur terminal (things) and the cloud, and bandwidth limitation due to the limited capacity of the backhaul link.
强调该研究的重要性，并且回顾前⼈的研究结果，指出以前研究结果的不⾜
强调该研究的重要性
Fog computing and caching that move the network resources from the cloud to the edge has been propod to accommodate future IoT rvices, an
d th
e fog-enabled IoT is considered as a promising network architecture [3]. ....... Therefore, the efficient management and synergy o
f caching, comp
uting, and radio resources become the challenges for the fog-enabled IoT.
指出以前研究结果的不⾜
Although many works (reviewed in Section II of this paper) have been dedicated to providing optimal computation offloading strategies, content cachin
g policies and resource allocation scheme. However, the important issues, especially computing and caching, were usually considered and solved s
eparately in most existing works. ...
介绍以前的解决⽅案，陈述作者的研究基础。
介绍以前的解决⽅案，带了[1],[2]...都是引述前⼈的研究
Most of existing solutions formulate the computation offloading or content caching as the constrained convex optimization problems with different le cted metrics and constraints, such as rvice latenc
y, network capacity, backhaul rate, and energy efficiency [7]. The content caching and on-off switc
h of BSs are considered together to minimize energy consumption in [8], in which the joint content caching and activation is formulated as an NP-hard
problem and solved with a novel approximation framework. Wang et al. .......
陈述作者的研究基础。
Unlike the related works, this paper us the actor–critic RL framework to formulate the joint optimization problem in the fog-enabled IoT, and propos es the Natural policy-gradientbad deep RL algorithm to learn the optimal stochastic policy. The contributions of this paper are as follows.
陈述该项研究的成果以及该项研究在不同领域中的作⽤。
研究成果：
1) We provide a joint optimization solution for content caching, computing offloading, and radio resources allocation in the fog-enabled IoT with the obj
ective of minimizing the average end-to-end delay for all rvice requests
2) We u the model-free RL framework to optimize the policy by interacting with the
......
4) We utilize two up-to-date techniques, namely fixed target network and experience replay, in order to avoid the divergence of the deep RL algorithm
and increa stability. Furthermore, the Natural policy gradient method is ud to avoid converging to the local maximum.
概述当前研究⽬的(可省略)
介绍全⽂的篇章结构
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section II prents the review of the related studies and the new progress of deep RL. Section III elabor ates the system models and definitions ud in this paper. Section IV formulates the joint optimization problem as a model-free RL problem under unk nown stochastic environment. Section V propos the actor–critic deep RL algorithm to learn the optimal parameterized policy. The evaluation results are examined in Section VI and we conclude this paper in Section VII.
引⾔部分的语⾔特征
时态和语态
⼀般现在时
在这⾥插⼊图⽚描述
现在完成时
在这⾥插⼊图⽚描述
⼀般将来时
在这⾥插⼊图⽚描述
1. Over the cour of the past 30 years, … has emerged form intuitive
2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world
3. The advent of … systems for has had a significant impact on the
4. The development of … is explored
5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy ts has developed in a variety of directions
6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years
6. There has been a turning point in … methodology in accordance with the advent of …
7. A major concern in … today is to continue to improve…
8. A xx is a latecomer in the part reprentation arena.
9. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx
10. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving the weakness, the efficient and effective method has yet to be
developed.
11. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].redeem
12. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be ud in commercial systems.
常⽤句型
Beginning
1. In this paper, we focus on the need for
2. This paper proceeds as follow.
3. The structure of the paper is as follows.2013考研复试分数线
4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy ts and related concepts
5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the
Introduction
1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed prentation of how the
required membership functions are defined.
2. Details on xx and xx are discusd in later ctions.
3. In the next ction, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are
investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is propod; then the cas of a fuzzy rvice time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy
rvice rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy rvice rule are considered.
paul sturgessReview
1. This review is followed by an introduction.
2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is prented in Section 2.
3. In the next ction, a brief review of the … is given.
4. In the next ction, a short review of … is given with special regard to …
5. Section 2 reviews relevant rearch related to xx.
好笑的话
6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties pod by the
complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.
Body
1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.
2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.
3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx
4. Section 2 discuss some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.
5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often … can be expresd in terms of fuzzy time window
6. Section 3 discuss the aspects of fuzzy t theory that are ud in the …
7. Section 3 describes the system itlf in a general way, including the …… and also discuss how to evaluate system
performance.
8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.
9. Section 3 demonstrates the u of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.
2013年陕西高考10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.
11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules
12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.
13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the propod model.
14. Section 4 discuss a previous fuzzy t bad approach to cost variance investigation.
15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.
考研英语复习资料
16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.
17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.
18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its u on experimental data.
19. Section 5 prents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy t model …
20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.
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21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.
22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discusd very briefly in Section 2.
23. In Section 2 are prented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system
24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a … scheme must satisfy.
四六级评分标准25. In Section 2 of this paper, we prent reprentation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of
fuzziness when the domain of discour is order den.
26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement
model and to construct membership functions.
27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments…
This Section
1. In this ction, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.
2. We will provide in this ction basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of
subquent results.Next Section
3. The next ction describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic
statements.
4. However, it is cumbersome for this purpo and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified
as discusd in the next ction.
5. The three components will be described in the next two ction, and an example of xx analysis of a computer
information system will then illustrate their u.
6. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following ctions.
7. The next ction summarizes the method in a from that is uful for arguments bad on xx
Summary
1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future rearch consideration in ction 5.
2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.
3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of rearch.
4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.
5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized
6. The basic questions pod above are then discusd and conclusions are drawn.
7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.
Objective / Goal / Purpo
1. The purpo of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:
2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual
handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.
3. The paper concerns the development of a xx
4. The scope of this rearch lies in
5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule bad decision making.
6. The objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit …
7. The objectives of the … operations study are as follows:
8. The primary purpo/consideration/objective of
原⽂链接：blog.csdn/u011650143/article/details/54428069
总结
Follow the basic rules
The Introduction should prent first,with all possible clarity,the nature and scope of the problem investigated
it should briefly review the pertinent literature to orient the reader
it should state the method of the investigation
it should state the principal results of the investigation
it should state the principal conclusions suggested by the results
Ten
