英语学术论文常用句型
Beginning
1. In this paper, we focus on the need for
2. This paper proceeds as follow.
3. The structure of the paper is as follows.
4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy ts and related concepts
5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the
Introduction
1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed prentation of how the required membership functions are defined.
2. Details on xx and xx are discusd in later ctions.
3. In the next ction, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is propod; then the cas of a fuzzy rvice time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy rvice rule is studi
ed; lastly, fuzzy rvice rule are considered.
Review
1. This review is followed by an introduction.
2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is prented in Section 2.
3. In the next ction, a brief review of the .... is given.
4. In the next ction, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...
5. Section 2 reviews relevant rearch related to xx.
6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties pod by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.
Body
1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.
普林斯顿大学校训
2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.
3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx
4. Section 2 discuss some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.
5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expresd in terms of fuzzy time window
6. Section 3 discuss the aspects of fuzzy t theory that are ud in the ...
新托福考试冲刺试题 7. Section 3 describes the system itlf in a general way, including the ….. and also discuss how to evaluate system performance.
8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.
9. Section 3 demonstrates the u of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.
10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.
11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules
12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.
13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the propod model.
14. Section 4 discuss a previous fuzzy t bad approach to cost variance investigation.
15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.
16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.
17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.
18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its u on experimental data.
19. Section 5 prents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy t model ..
20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.
21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.
22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discusd very briefly in Section 2.
23. In Section 2 are prented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system
24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.
25. In Section 2 of this paper, we prent reprentation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discour is order den.
26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.
27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of
This Section
1. In this ction, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.
2. We will provide in this ction basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subquent results.Next Section
2. The next ction describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.
3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpo and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discusd in the next ction.
4. The three components will be described in the next two ction, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their u.
5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following ctions.
6. The next ction summarizes the method in a from that is uful for arguments bad on xx
Summary
1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future rearch consideration in ction 5.
2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.
3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of rearch.
4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.
5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized
6. The basic questions pod above are then discusd and conclusions are drawn.
7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.
Chapter 0. Abstract
1. A basic problem in the design of xx is prented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.
2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx bad on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.
3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.
4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.
5. The procedure is uful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.
6. The technique ud is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.
7. The ufulness of xx is also considered.
8. A brief methodology ud in xx is discusd.
9. The analysis is uful in xx and xx problem.
10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.
11. Algorithms to combine the estimates and produce a xx are prented and justified.
12. The u of the method is discusd and an example is given.
13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the propod technique.
14. This paper analys problems in
15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...
16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...
17. This paper provides an overview and information uful for approaching
18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.
19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx
20. Our propod model is verified through experimental study.
21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phas of: xx, xx
初中双语学校 22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewi reprented by li
nguistic variables.
23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure
Chapter 1. Introduction
Time
1. Over the cour of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive
无忧无虑中学英语网 2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world
3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the
4. The development of ... is explored
5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy ts has developed in a variety of directions
6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years
7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...
8. A major concern in ... today is to continue
9. A xx is a latecomer in the part reprentation arena.
10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx
11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving the weakness, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.
12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].
13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be ud in commercial systems.
Objective / Goal / Purpo
1. The purpo of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:
2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.
3. The paper concerns the development of a xx
4. The scope of this rearch lies in
5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule bad decision making.
6. The objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...
7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:
8. The primary purpo/consideration/objective of
9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide
10. The main objective of such a ... system is to
11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.wife的复数
12. In order to achieve the objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:
13. In order to take advantage of their similarity
14. more rearch is still required before final goal of ... can be completed
15. In this trial, the objective is
16. for the sake of concentrating on ... rearch issues
17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed proced
ure for the xx.
18. For an illustrative purpo, four well known OR problems are studied in prence of fuzzy data: xx.
19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods
20. This illustration points out the need to specify
21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.
22. Chapter 2. Literature Review
23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx
24. A considerable amount of rearch has been done .. during the last decade
25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.
26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning
27. However, the studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.
28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in
methodological aspects as in concrete applications.
29. Many rearch studies have been carried out on this topic.
30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.
31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of
32. Many complex process unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.
33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.
34. The central issue in all the studies is to
35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, the studies have been bad upon classical statistical approaches.
36. Applied ... techniques to
37. Characterized the ... system as
38. Developed an algorithm to
39. Developed a system called ... which
40. Us an iterative algorithm to deduce
41. Emphasized the need to
42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology
43. A comprehensive study has been undertaken
44. Much work has been reported recently in the filed
45. Propod/Prented/State that/Described/Illustrated/
Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights
46. Point out that the problem of
47. A study on ...was done / developed by []
48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with
49. The approach taken by [] is
50. The system developed by [] consists
51. A paper relevant to this rearch was published by []
52. []'s model requires
53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development
54. []'s model
55. Little rearch has been conducted in applying ... to
56. The published information that is relevant to
57. This study further shows that
58. Their work is bad on the principle of
59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].
60. Studies have been completed to established
61. The ...studies indicated that
队伍英文 62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.
Problem / Issue / Question
63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and requir
e consideration of multiple aspects.
64. Remedy / solve / alleviate the problems
67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved
68. Two major problems have yet to be addresd
69. An unanswered question
70. This problem in esnce involves using x to obtain a solution.
71. An additional rearch issue to be tackled is ....
72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discusd
73. The three prime issues can be summarized:
74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...
75. There have been many attempts to
76. It is expected to be rious barrier to
77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex
写论文，参考文献的修改很麻烦，删除一个，添加一个，就需要改一长串数字。怎么办呢。
本人推荐一种简单方法：尾注法
方法如下（以Word2003为例）：
1．光标移到要插入参考文献的地方，菜单中“插入”——“引用”-“脚注和尾注”。
2．对话框中选择“尾注”，编号方式选“自动编号”，所在位置可以选“节的结尾”或“文档结尾”。
3．如“自动编号智者千虑必有一失”后不是阿拉伯数字，选右下角的“选项vestibule”，在编号格式中选中阿拉伯数字。
4．确定后在该处就插入了一个上标“1”，而光标自动跳到文章最后，前面就是一个上标“1”，这就是输入第一个参考文献的地方。
5．将文章最后的上标“1”的格式改成正常（记住是改格式，而不是将它删掉重新输入，否则参考文献以后就是移动的位置，这个序号也不会变），再在它后面输入所插入的参考文献（格式按杂志要求来慢慢输，好像没有什么办法简化）。
6．对着参考文献前面的“1”双击，光标就回到了文章内容中插入参考文献的地方，可以继续写文章了。outside什么意思
7．在下一个要插入参考文献的地方再次按以上方法插入尾注，就会出现一个“2”（Word已经自动为你排序了），继续输入所要插入的参考文献。
标号上的方括号如何加呢？很简单：
8用的尾注，在菜单中的“编辑”——“替换”中“查找内容”填写 ^e，替换为[^&]即可：
9用的脚注，在菜单中的“编辑”——“替换”中韩语基础入门“查找内容”填写^f，替换为[^&]便可以了
（这里建议在一篇文章都写完后再将方括号加上会省去很多意外的麻烦）
10．所有文献都引用完后，你会发现在第一篇参考文献前面一条短横线（页面视图里才能看到），如果参考文献跨页了，在跨页的地方还有一条长横线，这些线无法选中，也无法删除。这是尾注的标志，但一般科技论文格式中都不能有这样的线，所以一定要把它们删除。
还没完，删除横线的方法
11．切换到普通视图，菜单中“视图”——“脚注”，这时最下方出现了尾注的编辑栏。
12．在尾注右边的下拉菜单中选择“尾注分隔符”，这时那条短横线出现了，选中它，删除。
13．再在下拉菜单中选择“尾注延续分隔符”，这是那条长横线出现了，选中它，删除。
