Lecture 3 (continued)
严复（1854—1921） A pioneer in eking truth from the West and the first Chine who systematically introduced Western learning to China in modern Chine history.
中国近代史上向西方国家寻找真理的“先进的中国人”之一。我国近代史上第一个把西方资本主义经典著作系统地介绍到中国来的人。
Eight famous translations by Yan Fu: 言译八大名著：
1) Evolution and Ethics by Thomas Henry Huxley （《天演论》 赫胥黎原著）, translated in 1895 and published in 1898, which brought him instant success and made his name known all over China. It promulgated the ideology of social evolution that “the fittest survives in the natural lection” and that “the superior is lected while the inferior is eliminated. 揭示“物竞天择、适者生存，优胜劣汰”的社会进化思想
Being first theoretical work on philosophy introduced into China, Tianyan Lun exerted a far and wide influence among Chine people and became the theoretical foundation for the re
quite的意思formers in arch of truth of saving the nation from extinction. 近代引进的第一部哲学理论著作,成为当时维新派救国图存的重要理论基础。
2 ) An Inquiry into the Nature and Caus of the Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith (or shortened Wealth of Nations 《原富》亚当·斯密 原著）， the first translated work on economics in modern-time China;
3 ) The Study of Sociology by Herbert Spenr ( 《群学肄言》斯宾塞) , a masterwork on sociology；
4) A History of Politics by E. Jenks ( 《社会通诠》甄克斯), a masterwork on sociology;
行李房5) System of Logic by John Stuart Mill (《穆勒名学》) , a famous work on logics;
a good year
6. Logic by William Stanley Jevons (《名学浅说》（后改名《名学》，耶芳斯) ，a masterwork on logics;
7) . reader是什么意思中文The Spirit of the Law by Montesquieu (《法意》孟德斯鸠)，a classical work on the science of law;
8) On Liberty by John Stuart Mill (《群己权界论》约翰·穆勒)，an important work on bourgeoisie political science;
The subject of the translations include politics, economy, philosophy, law, ethics, sociology, etc. involving various fields of social sciences. 内容囊括政治、经济、哲学、法律、伦理、社会学等诸多社科领域。
They were called “Eight famous translated works by Yan Fu” in Chine translation history. 严译“八大名著”或严译“八经”。
With a clear purpo, Yan Fu was very lective as to what to translate. What he translated and introduced into China was the quintesnce of the Western learning, and his translated works put together, constituted a relatively integral ideological system of administering a country. 严复所选择的这些书都是西学的精髓，这些著作合在一起，可以构成一个相对完整的治国的思想体系。
He lected Evolution and Ethics for translation with the purpo of making the Chine
aware of the fact that the biological law of survival of the fittest was applicable to social development as well and warning them of the danger of possible elimination.
If China did not fight for its own existence, it would succumb to ineluctable domination or genocide. As can be imagined, the translation of Evolution and Ethics t off a heated debate throughout the country.
In schools, excerpts from his translations was chon and adopted in textbooks for students. And the "survival of the fittest" became a favorite essay topic.
In a word, all his translations rved the clear political purpo of “saving the nation from elimination” and “enlightening the people”.所以，严复的翻译有着明确的政治目的, 总体服务于“救亡图存、启蒙思想”的大目标。
The significance of Yan Fu’s translations has gone far beyond translation itlf. With his translations, western thoughts on human inborn rights, liberty, equality, and universal love were all introduced into China, with the impact of enlightening the benighted. Therefore, h
e was acclaimed the first Chine who systematically introduced Western learning in modern Chine history. 天赋人权和自由、平等、博爱，在中国思想界引起勒振聋发聩的启蒙作用。使他成为我国近代翻译大家，和系统介绍西方思想、文化、制度的第一人。
Not only was Yan Fu an epoch-making translator who was well verd in both Chine and western learning, but also he was the first one who t complete translation criteria.
schengen
严复不仅是中国近代翻译史上学贯中西、划时代意义的翻译家，也是我国首创完整翻译标准的先驱者。愚人节英语
毒药英文In his Notes on Translation, the preface of Tianyan Lun, he put forward the famous triple translation criteria, which marked an epoch in translation studies in China. 在《天演论 译例言》中，提出了中国最近代有名的“信、达、雅”翻译标准：
“译事三难信达雅。求其信已大难矣。顾信矣不达。虽译犹不译也。则达尚焉。
易曰修辞立诚。子曰辞达而已。又曰言之无文。行之不远。三者乃文章正轨。亦即为译事楷模。故信达而外。求其尔雅。此不仅期以行远已耳。实则精理微言。用汉以前字法句os是什么意思
法。则为达易。用近世利俗文字。则求达难。往往抑义就词。毫厘千里。审择于斯两者之间。夫固有所不得已也。岂钩奇哉。
新理踵出。名目纷繁。索之中文。渺不可得。即有牵合。终嫌参差。译者遇此。独有自具衡量。即义定名。一名之立，旬月踟蹰。”
Translation has to do three difficult things: to be faithful, expressive, and elegant. It is difficult enough to be faithful to the original, and yet if a translation is not expressive it is tantamount to having no translation. Hence expressiveness should be required too.fbi是什么意思啊
The Book of changes says that the first requisite of rhetoric is truthfulness. Confucius says that expressiveness is all that matters in language. He adds that if one’s language lacks grace, it won’t go far. The three qualities, then, are the criteria of good writing and, I believe, of good translation too. 启德
