Yuan Shikai
江南style中文翻译英语翻译工具Yuan Shikai (Wade-Giles spelling: Yuan Shih-kai; simplified Chine: 袁世凯; traditional Chine: 袁世凱; pinyin: Yuán Shìkǎi; 16 September 1859 – 6 June 1916) was an important Chine general and politician, famous for his influence during the late Qing Dynasty, his role in the events leading up to the abdication of the last Qing Emperor of China, his autocratic rule as the cond President of the Republic of China (following Sun Y atn), and his short-lived attempt to revive the Chine monarchy, with himlf as the "Great Emperor of China."
Yuan Shikai was born in the village of Zhangying (張營村), Xiangcheng County, Chenzhou Prefecture, Henan, though the clan later moved 16 kilometers southeast of Xiangcheng to a hilly area that was easier to defend. There the Yuans had built a fortified village, Yuanzhaicun (Chine: 袁寨村; literally "the fortified village of the Yuan family").
Yuan‘s family was affluent enough to provide Yuan with a traditional Confucian education.[1] As a young man he enjoyed riding, boxing, and entertainment with friends. Though hoping to pursue a career in the civil rvice, he failed the Imperial examinations twice, leading him to decide on an entry into politics through the Huai Army, where many of his relatives rved. His career began with the purcreciprocity
ha of a minor official title in 1880, which was a common method of official promotion in the late Qing.[2] Using his father‘s connections, Yuan travelled to Tengzhou, Shandong, and sought a post in the Qing Brigade. Yuan‘s first marriage was in 1876 to a woman of the Yu family who bore him a first son, Keding, in 1878. Yuan Shikai married nine further concubines throughout the cour of his life.[3]
Years in Joon Dynasty Korea
Joon Dynasty Korea in the early 1870s was in the midst of a struggle between isolationists under the King Gojong‘s father (Heungon Da ewongun), and progressives, led by the queen (Empress Myeongong), who wanted to open trade. After the Meiji Restoration, Japan had adopted an aggressive foreign policy, contesting Chine domination of the peninsula. Under the unequal Treaty of Ganghwa, which the Koreans signed with reluctance in 1876, Japan was allowed to nd diplomatic missions to Hanong, and opened trading posts in Incheon and Wonsan. Amidst an internal power struggle which resulted in the queen‘s exile, the Viceroy of Zhili, Li Hongzhang, nt the 3,000 strong Qing Brigade into Korea to impo Chine will on the country. The regent, Heungon Daewongun, was then escorted to Tianjin where he was effectively kept prisoner. Though effectively a Chine puppet-state, Korea‘s weakness w as becoming increasingly apparent,
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and the Treaty of Jemulpo of 1882 gave the Japane further right to station troops in Seoul in order to protect their legation. China could no longer shield Korea against a rapidly industrialising Japane military, and it was obvious Korea‘s army could not deal with its internal cris without rious assistance. The Korean king propod training 500 troops in the art of modern warfare, and Yuan Shikai was appointed to lead this task in Korea. Li Hongzhang also recommend ed Yuan‘s promotion, with Yuan given the rank
of sub-prefect.
collap是什么意思In 1885, Yuan was appointed Imperial Resident of Seoul.[4] On the surface the position equalled that of ambassador but in practice, as head official from the suzerain, Yuan had become the supreme advir on all Korean government policies. Seeing China‘s increasing control of the Korean government, Japan sought more influence through co-suzerainty with China. A ries of documents were relead to Yuan Shikai, claiming the Korean government had changed its stance towards Chine protection and was interested in Russian protection. Yuan was outraged yet skeptical, and asked Li Hongzhang for advice.
In a treaty signed between Japan and Qing, the two parties agreed only to nd troops into Korea aft
er notifying the other. Although the Korean government was now stable, it was still a protectorate of Qing. Koreans emerged advocating modernization. Another more radicalid group, the Donghak Society, promoting an early nationalist doctrine bad partly upon Confucian principles, ro in rebellion against the government. Yuan and Li Hongzhang nt troops into Korea to protect Seoul and Qing‘s interests, and Japan did the same under the pretext of protecting Japane trading posts. Tensions boiled over between Japan and China when Japan refud to withdraw its forces and placed a blockade at the 38th Parallel. Li Hongzhang wanted at all costs to avoid a war with Japan, and attempted this by asking for international pressure for a Japane withdrawal. Japan refud, and war broke out. Yuan, having been put in an ineffective position, was recalled to Tianjin in July 1894, before the official outbreak of the First Sino-Japane War (甲午戰爭).
joyoLate Qing Dynasty
Yuan‘s ri to fame began with his nominal participation in the First Sino-Japane War as commander of the Chine garrison forces in Korea. Unlike other officers, however, he avoided the humiliation of Chine defeat by having been recalled to Beijing veral days before the outbreak of conflict.
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As an ally of Li Hongzhang, Yuan was appointed the commander of the first New army in 1895. As the officer most directly responsible for training China‘s first modernized army, Yuan gained significant political influence and the loyalty of a nucleus of young officers: by 1901, five of China‘s ven divisional commanders and most other nior military officers in China were his protégés.[2] The Qing court relied heavily on his army due to the proximity of its garrison to the capital and their effectiveness. Of the new armies that were part of the Self-Strengthening Movement, Yuan‘s was the best trained and most effective.
The Qing Court at the time was divided between progressives under the leadership of the Guangxu Emperor, and conrvatives under the Empress Dowager Cixi, who had temporarily retreated to the Summer Palace as a place of "retirement". After the Guangxu Emperor‘s Hundred Days‘ Reform in 1898, however, Cixi dec ided that the reforms were too drastic, and plotted to restore her own regency through a coup d‘état. Plans of the coup spread early, and the Emperor was very aware of the plot. He asked reform advocates Kang Y ouwei, Tan Sitong and others to develop a
plan to save him. Yuan‘s involvement in the coup continues to be a large topic of historical debate. Tan
Sitong reportedly had a talk with Yuan veral days before the coup, asking Yuan to assist the Emperor against Cixi. Yuan refud a direct answer, but insisted he was loyal to the Emperor. Meanwhile Manchu General Ronglu was planning manoeuvres for his army to stage the coup.
According to sources, including the diary of Liang Qichao and contemporary Chine news sources, Yuan Shikai arrived in Tianjin on 20 September 1898 by train. It was certain that by the evening, Yuan had talked to Ronglu, but what was revealed to him remains ambiguous. Most historians suggest that Yuan had told Ronglu of all details of the Reformers‘ plans, and asked him to take imme diate action. The plot being expod, Ronglu‘s troops entered the Forbidden City at dawn on 21 September, forcing the Emperor into clusion in a lake palace.
Yuan Shikai as Governor of Shandong生日快乐的英文
Making a political alliance with the Empress Dowager, and becoming a lasting enemy of the Guangxu Emperor, Yuan left the capital in 1899 for his new appointment as Governor of Shandong. During his three-year tenure while the Boxer Rebellion erupted, he ensured the suppression of Boxers in the province, though his troops took no active part outside Shandong itlf. Yuan took the side of the pro foreign faction in the Imperial Court, along with Prince Qing, Li Hongzhang and Rongl
u, he refud to side with the Boxers and attack the Eight Nation Alliance forces, joining with other Chine governors who commanded substantial modernized armies like Zhang Zhidong not participating in the Boxer Rebellion. He and Zhang ignored Empress Dowager Cixi‘s declaration of war against the foreign powers and continued to suppress the Boxers. In addition to taking not fighting the Eight Nation Alliance and suppressing the Boxers in Shandong, Yuan and his army (the Right Division) also helped the Eight Nation Alliance massacre tens of thousands of people in their anti Boxer campaign in Zhili after the Alliance captured Beijing.[5] Yuan operated out of Baoding during the campaign, which ended in 1902.[6]
He also founded a provincial junior college (Shandong College, the forerunner of Shandong University) in Jinan, which adopted western ideas of education.
In June 1902 he was promoted to Viceroy of Zhili, the lucrative Commissioner for North China Trade,[7] and Minister of Beiyang (北洋通商大臣), comprising the modern regions of Liaoning, Hebei, and Shandong. Having gained the regard of foreigners after helping crush the Boxer Rebellion, he successfully obtained numerous loans to expand his Beiyang Army into the most powerful army in China. He created a 1,000-strong police force to keep order in Tianjin, the first of its kind in Chine history, as a result of the Boxer Protocol having forbidden troops to be staged clo to Tianjin. Yuan
was also involved in the transfer of railway control from Sheng Xuanhuai, leading railways and their construction to became a large source of his revenue. Yuan played an active role in late-Qing political reforms, including the creation of the Ministry of Education (學部) and Ministry of Police (巡警部). He
further advocated for ethnic equality between Manchus and Han Chine.
Retreat and return
The Empress Dowager and the Guangxu Emperor died within a day of each other in November 1908.[4] and sources indicate that the will of the Emperor specifically ordered Yuan be executed. Nonetheless avoiding a death ntence, in January 1909 Yuan Shikai was relieved of all his posts by the regent, Prince Chun. The public reason for Yuan‘s resignation was that he was returning to his home in the village of Huanshang (洹上村), now the prefecture-level city of Anyang, due to a foot dia. During his three years of effective exile, Yuan kept contact with his clo allies, including Duan Qirui, who reported to him regularly about army proceedings. The loyalty of the Beiyang Army was still undoubtedly behind him. Having this strategic military support, Yuan held the balance of power between various revolutionaries (like Sun Y at-n) and the Qing Court. Both wanted Yuan on their side.
The Wuchang Uprising and the republic
The Wuchang Uprising took place on 10 October 1911 in Hubei province. The southern provinces subquently declared their independence from the Qing Court, but neither the northern provinces nor the Beiyang Army had a clear stance for or against the rebellion. Both the Qing court and Yuan were fully aware that the Beiyang Army was the only Qing force powerful enough to quell the revolutionaries. The court requested Yuan‘s return on 27 October, but he repeatedly declined offers from the Qing Court for his return, first as the Viceroy of Huguang, and then as Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet. Time was on Yuan‘s side, and Yuan waited, using his "foot ailment" as a pretext to his continual refusal.
After further pleas by the Qing Court, Yuan agreed and eventually left his village for Beijing on 30 October, becoming Prime Minister on 1 November 1911. Immediately after that he asked Prince Chun, the Regent, to abstain from politics. Zaifeng, forced to resign his regency, made way for Yuan to compo a newly created, predominantly Han Chine Cabinet of confidants, consisting of only one Manchu, who held the position of Minister of Suzerainty. To further reward Yuan‘s loyalty to the court, the Empress Dowager Longyu offered Yuan the noble title Marquis of the First Rank (一等侯), an honour only previously given to General Zeng Guofan. While ensuring temporary political stability
in Beijing, his forces captured Hankou and Hanyang in November 1911 in preparation for attacking Wuchang, thus forcing the repub lican revolutionaries to negotiate.
Abdication of the child emperor
Yuan Shikai sworn in as Provisional President of the Republic of China, in Beijing, 10 March 1912.
The revolutionaries had elected Sun Yat-Sen as the first Provisional President of the Republic of China, but they were in a weak position militarily, so they negotiated with the Qing, using Yuan as an intermediary. Yuan arranged for the abdication of the child
介词是什么emperor Puyi (or Xuantong Emperor) in return for being granted the position of President.[4] Yuan would not be prent when the Abdication edict was issued by Empress Dowager Longyu on 12 February 1912.
Sun agreed to Yuan‘s presidency after some internal bickering, but asked that the
capital be situated in Nanjing. Yuan, however, wanted the geographic advantage of having the nation‘s capital clo to his ba of military power. Cao Kun, one of his trusted subordinate Beiyang military commanders, fabricated a coup d‘état in Beijing and Tianjin, apparently under Yuan‘s orders,
to p rovide an excu for Yuan not to leave his sphere of influence in Zhili (prent-day Hebei province). The revolutionaries compromid again, and the capital of the new republic was established in Beijing. Yuan Shikai was elected Provisional President of the Republic of China by the Nanjing Provisional Senate on 14 February 1912, and sworn in on 10 March of that year.[8][9]
Democratic elections
In February 1913, democratic elections were held for the National Asmbly in which the Chine Nationalist Party or the Kuomintang (KMT) scored a significant victory. Song Jiaoren of the KMT zealously supported a cabinet system and was widely regarded as a candidate for Prime Minister.
One of Song‘s main political goals was to ensure that the powers and independ ence of China‘s Parliament be properly protected from the influence of the office of the President. Song‘s goals in curtailing the office of the President conflicted with the interests of Yuan, who, by mid-1912, clearly dominated the provisional cabinet and was showing signs of a desire to hold overwhelming executive power. During Song‘s travels through China in 1912, he had openly and vehemently expresd the desire to limit the powers of the President in terms that often appeared openly critical of Yuan‘s ambitions. When the results of the 1913 elections indicated a clear victory for the KMT it a
ppeared that Song would be in a position to exerci a dominant role in lecting the premier and cabinet, and the party could have proceeded to push for the election of a future president in a parliamentary tting.[10]
john qOn 20 March 1913, while travelling with a group of friends to Peking, Song Jiaoren was shot twice at clo range by a lone gunman, Ying Kuicheng, at a Shanghai railway station. He died two days later in hospital. The trail of evidence led to the cretary of the cabinet and the provisional premier of Yuan Shikai‘s government. Although Yuan was considered by contemporary Chine media sources as the man most likely behind the assassination, the main conspirators investigated by authorities were either themlves assassinated or disappeared mysteriously. Becau of the lack of evidence, Yuan was never officially implicated.[10]
Becoming emperor
Tensions between the Kuomintang and Yuan continued to intensify. After arriving in Peking, the elected Parliament attempted to gain control over Yuan, to develop a permanent constitution, and to hold a legitimate, open presidential election. Becau
