词类转换Conversion
英语和汉语最大区别之一是英语讲究词性。英语中的词可分为十大词类（Parts of speech）。其中和词类转译密切相关的有：名词、形容词、动词、副词、介词、冠词等。在翻译中，一种语言里属于某种词类的词并非一定要翻译成另一种语言的相应词类。
比如：英语比较喜欢多用名词和介词，而汉语则是动词用的多一些。
名词——动词
1．He admires the President’s stated decision to fight for the job.
新东方考研英语作文>badger他对总统声明为保住职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩。
评析：此句谓语动词为admires，其他用的是过去分词(stated)、动词性名词(decision)、不定式(to fight)和介词(for)。汉语没有词性变化，但可以几个动词连用。在本句中，“decision”转化成动词“决心”。
2．My admiration for him grew more.
我对他越来越钦佩。
评析：“admiration”巧妙地和后面动词“grew more”结合在一起，转化成动词。
3．Indo-China is a drain on French resources.
brainpower印度支那战争不断地消耗法国的资源。
评析：“drain”也只能译成“消耗”，否则无法成句。
4．The international food shortage had a direct impact on Kuwait and other barren dert countries.
直译：国际粮食的缺乏对科威特和其他不毛的沙漠国家产生了一种直接的影响。
改译一：由于世界普遍粮食缺乏，这就直接影响到科威特和其他不毛的沙漠国家。
改译二：全球性食品短缺现象直接影响了科威特等贫瘠的沙漠国家。
评析：直译——按照原词性翻译显得僵硬，改译一变换了许多词的词性，把原来的主语部分变成了原因状语成分，使整个句子灵活。改译二则只将“a direct impact on”动词化，显得更简洁。
练习
（1） An acquaintance with world history is helpful to the study of current affairs. 读一点世界史对研究时事是有帮助的。
（2）The discovery of a new dish does more for the happiness of mankind than the discovery of a new star.
发明一样新菜要比发现一颗新星对人类幸福贡献更大。
（3）The beauty of the scenery baffles description. 景色之美，笔墨难以形容。
（4） A view of the West Lake can be obtained from this hou.
从这所屋子可以看到西湖的景色。
（5）He is a lover of Chine painting. 他爱好中国画。
（6）He is no smoker, but his father is a chain smoker.
他倒是不抽烟的，可他爸爸却一支接一支不停地抽。
动词——名词
(1) The landing was designed to cut the peninsula in two.
登陆的目的是要把该半岛一切为二。
(2) On that day they were escorted to the Great Wall of China.
小娘他们那天和陪同人员去参观中国的长城。
(3) A well-dresd man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car.
一个穿着讲究的人上了车。他的外表和谈吐都像个美国人。
形容词——副词
1．Buckley was in a clear minority.
巴克利显然属于少数。
评析：“clear”跟它所修饰的名词没有语义联系，它是全句的修饰语，且有评论性质。2．Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.
医生说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。
练习
At last, he whispered a hurried good-bye to his host and darted toward the door.
愕然
最后，他匆匆地向主人轻声道别，大步走向门口。
副词——形容词
(1) He was deeply impresd by what they did in the critical moment.
他们在关键时刻的行为给他留下了深刻的印象。
(2) “I suppo boys think differently from girls”, he said.
“恐怕男孩子的想法与女孩子的想法是不一样的。”他说。
形容词——动词
(1) We are not content with our prent achievements.我们不满足于我们现有的成就。
(2) They were suspicious and rentful of him. 他们不信任他，讨厌他。
副词或形容词——名词：
1.In an overcrowded country, very few people own enough to make them financially independent. 在一个人口过度稠密的国家里，很少有人能在财政上独立。）
2.To be economically prosperous, China will apply more flexible policies of opening tothe outside. （为了能达到经济上的繁荣，中国将实行更为灵活的开放政策。）
3.Aside from offering financial support, work can keep us healthy not only physically but also mentally.
( 工作除了能给我们提供财政上的支持外，还能够使我们在身体上和心理上保持健康。)
一些短语中：
To be mentally prepared…., 心理上做好准备
To be materially equipped….., 物资上作好准备
During the politically eventful late-1960s….，政治上正置多事之秋的60年代.
练习
(1) They are going to build a school for the blind and the deaf.
他们将为盲人和聋人修建一所学校。
(2) They showed a sympathetic understanding of our problem.
禀告
他们对我们的问题表示同情和理解。
名词转化为形容词
(1) I recognized the absurdity of dealing with them through intermediaries.
我认识到，通过中间人跟他们打交道是愚蠢的。
(2) He was still more surprid at the singularity of the stranger’s appearance.
他看到那个陌生人的外表非常古怪，就更加惊异了。
练习
1．The speech prented by the visiting scholar left considerable excitement in his mind
（那位到访学者的演讲着实让他感到很激动。）
2. The room is small but very cozy and his satisfaction can be read from his face.
(这间房间很小但很舒适，从他脸上一眼就可看出他很满意。)
名词用作表语形容词
field是什么意思(1) The garden-party is a great success. 游园会真是圆满极了。
(2) They say my story is a yawn. 人们都说，我的故事乏味的很。
名词——副词
(1) He had the kindness to show me the way. 他好意地给我指路。
(2) We found difficulty in solving the housing problem.我们感到住房问题难以解决。
介词——动词
1．He is a jovial giant, with a huge appetite for food, drink and women.
他生性乐观，身材魁梧，贪吃贪杯又贪色。
2．The man ran back down into the cellar.
那个男子跑了回来，进了地窖。
3．“Coming!”Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.
“来啦！”她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。
练习
(1) I found him at his book when I came into the room.
我走进房间，看见他正在看书。
(2) The road to development is long but we are firmly on it.
发展的道路是漫长的，但是我们已经坚定地走上这条道路。
If it’s academic success you’re after, you can’t neglect studying.
（如果你追求学术上的成功，一定不能忽视了学习。）
Tho who are for the program plea rai your hand.
（同意这项计划的人请举手。）
Will tho in favor of the proposal come to attend the meeting next Saturday ?
(赞成这项提议的人下星期六来开会好吗？)
It wasn’t that I was after money. I just wanted to make sure that he was found guilty again in the civil suit.
(并不是因为我想要钱，我只是想让他即使是在民事案件方面也被判有罪。)
四、非人称主体句的转换
grand canyon
英语中有大量非人称主体句，使用抽象名词或事物作主语。这种局式常带有拟人化修辞色彩，语气委婉、含蓄、结构严谨，言简意赅，是典型的英语句式。生日的英文
非人称主语句在翻译成汉语时，常必须在汉语中采用人称主语句。
1．Then came the struggle and parting below. Words refu to tell it.
接着是楼下告别时的忙乱，当时的情形真是难以言语形容。
评析：“难以言语形容”原文是“Words refu to tell it”，中文忌用事物做主语，现在把“words”换成了人。
2．His failure made a mockery of the teacher’s great efforts to help him.
由于他考试不及格，老师辅导他的一番心血白费了。
评析：原主语转化为汉语的原因状语，将“teacher”一词拉出来做主语。
练习
The thought of returning to his native land never derted him amid his tribulation.
在苦难中，重返故园的念头始终在他心头萦绕着。
va国际教育(2) A look of pleasure came to her face.
她脸上显露出愉快的表情。
(3) Failure did not deter him from trying again.
他并不因为失败而放弃尝试。
(4) His words nt a quiver through my body.
听了他的话，我不禁打了一个寒战。
