Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devid ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come clo。
As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos who prence we barely notice but who universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot asmbly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone。
But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themlves—goals that po a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can't yet give a robot enough ‘common n’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world。”
Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, rearchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries。
What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimp a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it。
26. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in
accidently [A]the u of machines to produce science fiction。
[B]the wide u of machines in manufacturing industry。
[C]the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.
[D]the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.研究生面试自我介绍
27. The word “gizmos" (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means
[A]programs. [B]experts. [C]devices. [D]creatures。
28. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can
[A]fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery。
plumbing [B]interact with human beings verbally。
[C]have a little common n。
[D]respond independently to a changing world。
29. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also
[A]make a few decisions for themlves。
[B]deal with some errors with human intervention。
[C]improve factory environments。
[D]cultivate human creativity。
30. The author us the example of a monkey to argue that robots are
[A]expected to copy human brain in internal structure。
[B]able to perceive abnormalities immediately。
[C]far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information。
[D]best ud in a controlled environment。
名师解析
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26. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ⼈类的创造性最初表现在
[A]the u of machines to produce science fiction. ⽤机器来创作科幻⼩说。
[B]the wide u of machines in manufacturing industry. 制造业对机器的⼴泛使⽤。
[C]the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work。
发明⼯具以处理困难和危险的⼯作。
[D]the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work。
精英⼈⼠对危险和枯燥的⼯作的巧妙的处理。
【答案】 C
【考点】事实细节题。
black friday 【分析】通过“Human ingenuity”和“initially”可以定位到第⼀段开始。“从⼈类产⽣智慧初期⾄今，⼈们⼀直在设计越来越巧妙的⼯具来应付那些危险的、枯燥的、繁重的或者直接就是肮脏的⼯作。”由于讲的是⼈类最初的创造⼒，因此可以排除
[A]、[B]、[D]。
27. The word “gizmos" (Line 1, Paragraph 2) most probably means
单词“gizmos”(第⼆段第⼀⾏)最有可能的意思是
[A]programs. 程序。 [B]experts. 专家。
[C]devices. 设备。 [D]creatures. ⽣物。
【答案】 C
【考点】词义题。
【分析】本题虽然考查的是词义，但是显然不是希望考⽣通过储备更⼤的词汇来回答，⽽是希望考⽣能够利⽤⽂中出现的细节来推断这个单词的意思。第⼆段第⼀句的意思说“由此引起的结果是，现代世界已经充斥着越来越多的智能____，尽管我们⼏乎都注意不到它们，但它们的普遍存在却节省了许多⼈类劳⼒。”然后作者提及到了“⼯⼚机械⼿”、“⾃动柜员机”以及“机器⼈驾驶员”等等。由此我们可以认定这些设施都是对“gizmo”的例举和解释。⽽这⼏样东西具有⼀个共同的特征，即它们都
是“⼯具”。相⽐四个选项，只有[C]最合适。
28. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can
根据本⽂，现在超越⼈类能⼒范围的是设计⼀种能________的机器⼈。放声大笑
[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery。
完成诸如脑⼿术这样的精细的⼯作。
[B] interact with human beings verbally。
与⼈类进⾏⼝头交流。
[C] have a little common n。
有⼀些常识。
[D] respond independently to a changing world。
对⼀个变化的世界独⽴应付。
【答案】 D
【考点】事实细节题。
【分析】根据“超越⼈类能⼒”这个关键信息，我们可以定位到第三段中“Dave Lavery”的第⼆句话，即
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“we can’t yet give a robot enough‘common n’to reliably interact with a dynamic world”。因为该句中的“dynamic”就是“动态的、变化的”意思，因此我们可以判定答案[D]是正确的。[A]⽂中已经提及。[B]的例⼦就是“⾃动柜员机”。[C]可以在第三段最后⼀句“我们不能给他⾜够的常识”中找到被排除的依据。
29. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also
离职英文 除了减少⼈类劳动，机器⼈还能够
[A]make a few decisions for themlves。为⾃⼰做⼏个决策。
[B]deal with some errors with human intervention。通过⼈类⼲预处理⼀些错误。
[C]improve factory environments. 改善⼯⼚环境。
[D]cultivate human creativity。培养⼈的创造性。
【答案】 B
【考点】事实细节题。
【分析】本题要求考⽣寻找机器⼈还能够从事什么⼯作，这就需要对四个选项进⾏⽐较。寻找答案。[A]提到机器⼈能够为⾃⼰做⼏个决策，通过“decision”这个单词可以定位到第三段第⼀句话“但是如果机器⼈要进⼊节省劳⼒的下⼀个阶段，他们必须能够在更少的⼈⼯监控下运⾏，并且⾄少能够独⽴地做⼀些决定”，这句话表明，⽬前机器⼈还不能独⽴做⼀些决定。[B]的意思符合第三段第三句，“虽然我们知道如何让机器⼈去纠正⼀个特定的错误”。⾄于[C]，⽂中提到机器⼈是受环境控制的，⽽不是反之。[D]的说法也反了。
30. The author us the example of a monkey to argue that robots are
作者使⽤猴⼦的例⼦，为的是说机器⼈
[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure。
被期望复制⼈脑内部结构。
[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately。
能够⽴即觉察到不正常情况。
[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information。horrible
在聚焦相关信息⽅⾯远远不如⼈类。
[D] best ud in a controlled environment。
最适合在受控环境下使⽤。
【答案】 C
【考点】作者意图题。
【分析】作者最后⼀段提到“猴⼦”这个例⼦，是考查⽂章最后⼀段的理解。由于⽂章举这个例⼦就是为了说明计算机虽然功能强⼤，但是仍然⽆法和⼈脑的复杂性相⽐，因为⼈脑看⼀眼迅速变化的场景就能够迅速的排除不相⼲的信息，⽴即把注意⼒集中到蜿蜒的森林⼩路边的⼀只猴⼦，这⼀点计算机是做不到的。因此，可以判断[C]正确。
难句解析：
1. Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devid ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty。
【结构分析】本句前⾯是“since”引导的⼀个时间状语，后⾯主句中有⼀个“that”引导的定语从句“that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty”⽤来修饰“work”。
2. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos who prence we barely notice but who universal existence has removed much human labor。
【结构分析】本句的主句是“the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos”，后⾯是两个“who”引导的定语从句，“but”连接了这两个定语从句。
3. There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy —far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone。
【结构分析】本句是⼀个“there be”结构，“robot systems”后⾯有⼀个“that”引导的定语从句，⽽破折号引出⼀个补充说明部分来修饰“submillimeter accuracy”，其中包含⼀个⽐较级。
bbc中国春节纪录片 4. But the human mind can glimp a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd。
【结构分析】本句的主语是“the human mind”，并列谓语“can glimp”和“disregard”，逗号后⾯“instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd”是现在分词做状语。 全⽂翻译：
从⼈类产⽣智慧初期⾄今，⼈们⼀直在设计越来越巧妙的⼯具来应付那些危险的、枯燥的、繁重的或者直接就是肮脏的⼯作。这种动⼒产⽣了机器⼈科学——⼀门将⼈类的能⼒赋予机器的科学。如果科学家们还没有创造出科幻⼩说的机械版本，他们也已经很接近这个⽬标了。
由此引起的结果是，现代世界已经充斥着越来越多的智能装置，尽管我们⼏乎都注意不到他们，但他们的普遍存在却节省了许多⼈类劳⼒。我们的⼯⼚⾥轰鸣着机器⼈⽣产线的节奏；我们的⾦融服务在⾃动柜员机上完成，它们还会机械地、礼貌地感谢我们使⽤业务；我们的地铁车辆由不知疲倦的机器⼈司机驾驶。多亏了电⼦和微观机械仪器的不断缩⼩，现在已有⼀些机器⼈系统能够进⾏脑部和⾻髓⼿术，准确性精确到亚毫⽶，远远超过熟练的医⽣⽤他们的双⼿所能达到的⽔平。
但是如果机器⼈要进⼊节省劳⼒的下⼀个阶段，他们必须能够在更少的⼈⼯监控下运⾏，并且⾄少能够独⽴地做⼀些决定。这些⽬标提出了⼀个真正的挑战。“虽然我们知道如何让机器⼈去纠正⼀个特定的错误，”NASA的⼀个机器⼈项⽬经理戴维·拉维⾥说，“我们仍然不能赋予机器⼈以⾜够的‘常识’，使它们能够与动态的世界进⾏可靠的交流。”
实际上对真正的⼈⼯智能的探索已经产⽣了各种各样的结果。虽然刚开始在20世纪60和70年代有过⼀段乐观的时期，那时候看起来晶体管电路和微处理器的发展将使它们在2010年能够模仿⼈类⼤脑的活动——但是最近研究⼈员已经开始将这个预测延后了不是数百年⾄少也有数⼗年。
在试图建造思维模型的过程中，研究⼈员发现，⼈类⼤脑中的近1,000亿个神经细胞要⽐以前想象得更聪明，⼈类的感知也⽐以前想象得更复杂。他们建造出来的机器⼈在严格控制的⼯⼚环境⾥，能够在仪表盘上识别⼀毫⽶以下的误差。但是⼈的⼤脑能够扫描⼀个快速变化的场景，迅速排除98%的不相⼲的物体，⽴即聚焦于森林中婉蜒道路旁的⼀只猴⼦，或者⼈群中的⼀张可疑的脸。地球上最先进的计算机系统也不能达到这种能⼒，并且神经学科学家仍然不知道我们是怎样做到这⼀点的。
