定语从句(AttributiveClau)知识点
1. 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1)who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中作主语和宾语。例如:
Is he the man who/that wants to e you? 他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
He is robertfrostthe man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
2)who 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换)。例如:
爱在招生部
They rushed over to help the man who car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
Plea pass me the book who(of which)cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3)which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如:
A prosperity which / that had never been en before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语)
The package (which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)
关系代词引导的定语从句------关系代词that 的用法
1)不用that的情况
a) 引导非限定性定语从句时。例如:
(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
up是什么意思英文b) 介词后不能用。例如:
We depend on the land from that/which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。
b) 在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。
c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that。
d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。.
e) 先行词既有abhor人,又有物时。例如:
All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
2. 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
1)关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。例如:
There are occasions david cookwhen (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where(in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
eliteIs this the reason why (for which) he refud our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
2)that代替关系副词,可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where,
why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。例如:
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
3. 判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如:
This is the mountain village where I origenstayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。(stay 不及物动词)
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。(work 不及物)
判断改错:
(错) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(错) I will never forget the days when害怕的英文 I spent in the countryside.
(对) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.(visit 为及物动词)
(对) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
全国商务英语翻译方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this muum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the muum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案:例1 D,例2 A
例1变为肯定句: This muum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句: This is the muum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中,所缺部分为宾语,而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省略关系代词,所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因 in the muum词组,可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on 用的不对,所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, who); 先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词 ( w
here 地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语) 。
4. 介词+关系词
1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2)that前不能有介词。
3)某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如:
This is the hou24小时秒单业务平台 in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。
This is the hou where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
5. 先行词和关系词二合一
1) Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2) The parents will u what they have to nd their son to technical school.(what 可以用all that代替)
6. 限制性和非限制性定语从句
1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如:
This is the hou which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)
The hou, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)
2) 当先行词是专有名词或被物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如:
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。