The Growth of Railways
Chapter One：The birth of railways
The birth of railways
In factories and mines, 200 years ago, heavy trucks had to be pulled by hors, or even by people．Wooden boards were put down to make a track．
铁路的诞生
在工厂和矿山，200年前，重型卡车必须由马拉的，或者甚至是人。放下使轨道被木板。
The change of tracks
The boards soon broke, so they ud iron tracks, called plates. Later, they changed the for rails resting on stone or wooden blocks, called sleepers.
Finally the track is formed into "工" font shape cooperating with the wheel with flange and tread, make the wheel run along the rail very well and centered automatically.
轨道的变化
董事会很快打破了，所以他们用铁轨道，称为板。后来，他们改变了这些钢轨放在石头或木块，称为轨枕。
最后的轨道形成―工‖字的形状与轮缘踏面车轮的合作，使沿轨道运行的很好，中心轮自动
wakeyThe birth of locomotives
Then people began to make an engine which can move itlf along the track to pull the trucks. The engines were called locomotives, which is Latin for “moves itlf along”．
For it was still in the steam engine era, people were inclined to u steam engine to drive locomotive in the first place.
机车的诞生
然后人们开始使发动机可沿轨道移动本身拉车。
发动机被称为机车，这是拉丁语―运动本身‖。
2011年湖北高考它仍然是在蒸汽机时代，人们倾向于使用蒸汽机在第一个地方机车驱动。
Working principle of the steam locomotive
Steam engine works like the following:
Water is put in the boiler of the steam engine, and then heated to generate steam which drive cylinder piston motion. The wheels are driven by the piston motion which transmitted through a mechanical device, thus the locomotive is moving.
蒸汽机车的工作原理
蒸汽发动机工作如下：
鞍山翻译公司水是放在蒸汽机的锅炉，然后加热，产生蒸汽，驱动气缸的活塞运动。轮子是由通过一个机械装置驱动活塞运动，从而机车移动。
Development process of the steam locomotive
Becau the steam engine was too heavy, wooden track can not bear it and cracked, so that the earlier steam locomotives could not run long distances.
People began to study the ways to reduce the weight of the steam locomotive, and to improve the efficiency of the steam locomotive. Englishmen Richard Trevithick and George Stephenson made breakthrough progress in the areas.
蒸汽机车的发展过程
由于蒸汽机太重，木制轨道不能忍受，裂纹，使早期的蒸汽机车不能跑很长的距离。
人们开始研究降低蒸汽机车重量的方法，以提高效率的蒸汽机车。英国人，英国的李察和乔治史蒂芬森在这些领域取得的突破性进展
The first steam locomotive
In 1801, Trevithick first built a steam-powered vehicle which can run on the general road. In 1802, he manufactured the first locomotive that can run on the track bad on the Watt’s steam engine. However, the test was failed, the wooden boards could not bear the weight of the locomotive, the locomotive was out of control while running, and crashed into the hous on the roadside. Later, after many improvements, he made the cond steam locomotive--New Castle which was pasd the test on a circular orbit in 1804, it became the world's first steam locomotive which was put into practical operation.
大学英语演讲稿第一台蒸汽机车
在1801，英国首先建立一个蒸汽动力的车辆可以运行在一般道路。1802，他制造了第一辆机车，可以运行在基于瓦特发明的蒸汽机轨道。然而，测试失败，木板不能承受着机车的重量，车失去了控制运行时，撞上了路边的房子。
后来，经过多次改进，他第二次蒸汽机车——新城堡这是通过测试在一个圆形的轨道，在1804，它成为世界上第一辆蒸汽机车被投入实际运行。
George S tephenson
priestessGeorge Stephenson (1781-1848) is the most famous British railway engineer. He worked in the coal mine as a child labor in 8-year-old, when he was 19 years old, he had become an artificer to operate Newcomen steam engine.
By obrving the structure and working principle of the steam boiler ud in coal mine, he manufactured his own first steam locomotive – Blucher which can pull 8 trucks of 30 tons weight at 6 kilometers an hour in 1813. Subquently, he improved locomotive power with the multi-tobacco pipe heating method.
In 1825, Stephenson‘s locomotion carried 450 pasngers at 24 kilometers per hour from Darlington to Stockton, it is considered a sign of the birth of the railway transport.
In 1829, a new locomotive "Rocket" got the first place in the locomotive competition at 58 km / hour.
Since then, he was responsible for Liverpool - Manchester railway construction. Later, he guided France, Germany and the North American railroad construction, bridges and locomotive manufacturing. He was known as "father of the railway" for his pioneering contributions to the world's railways.
乔治史蒂芬森
乔治史蒂芬森（1781-1848）是英国最著名的铁路工程师。他曾在煤矿为童工在8岁的时候，当他19岁时，他已经成为一个技工操作纽科门蒸汽机。
通过观察在煤矿井下蒸汽锅炉的结构和工作原理，他制造了自己的第一辆蒸汽机车–布吕歇尔可在1813小时6公里拉8辆30吨的重量。随后，他改进了机车功率与多烟管加热方法。1825，史蒂芬森的运动进行的450乘客在每小时24公里从达林顿到斯托克顿，它被认为是对铁路运输的诞生标志。
1829，一个新的机车―火箭‖获得了第一名在机车的竞争在58公里/小时。
从那时起，他负责利物浦-曼彻斯特铁路建设。后来，他带领法国，德国和北美铁路建设，桥梁和机车制造。他被称为―铁路之父‖他对世界的铁路开拓性的贡献。
Chapter T wo：The growth of railways
Since then, railways came into the booming stage, the railway had become a major mode of transportation for people to travel. The following figure illustrates the exact year that various countries around the world built their own first railways.
第二章：铁路的发展
自那时以来，铁路进入蓬勃发展的阶段，铁路已经成为人们出行的交通工具的主要模式。下图说明了世界各国建立自己的铁路的确切年份
Changes on the locomotives
As we know, the locomotive can be divided into steam locomotive, diel locomotive and electric locomotives according to different ways of obtaining energy.
Steam locomotive is driven by steam engine.
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And diel locomotive get its energy from fuel combustion.魔力连连看
对机车的变化
我们知道，机车可分为蒸汽机车，内燃机车和电力机车，根据不同的获取能量的方式。
蒸汽机车是由蒸汽机驱动。
柴油机车获得能量从燃料燃烧。
Changes on the locomotives
Electric locomotive is supplied from the catenary or the third rail, then translates electrical energy into mechanical energy by electric motor to drive a locomotive.
Electric locomotive is more light than steam locomotive and diel locomotive becau of electric locomotive without energy devices. In addition, electric locomotive does not directly produce pollution becau its energy is got from the public electricity grid, so it is known as the green transportation, took the major position of railway transportation.
Electric locomotive is born earlier than diel locomotive.
In 1879, the first electric locomotive was developed by Siemens Electric Company of Germany. The locomotive weighs about 954 kg, it is only shown at a Berlin trade fair.
On October 27, 1903, Siemens and General Electric Company developed the first practical electric locomotives and put into u, its speed reached 200 km/h.
对机车的变化
电力机车是从接触网或第三轨供电，然后将电能转化为机械能的电机驱动机车。
电力机车是比蒸汽机车和内燃机车更轻由于没有能源设备，电力机车。此外，电力机车不直接产生污染，因为它的能量是从公共电网，因此它被称为绿色运输，铁路运输的主要位置了。电力机车是内燃机车出世比早些时候。
1879，第一个电力机车是由德国西门子电气公司开发。机车重量约954公斤，这是在柏林交易会仅显示。
1903年10月27日，西门子和通用电器公司开发的第一个实际电力机车投入使用，它的速度达到200公里/小时。
In 1894, the first petrol diel locomotive was successful developed in Germany, and applied to public transport, it is the symbol of diel locomotive era. But this locomotive u the gasoline as fuel, its cost is too high, so it is not ud widely.
In 1924, Germany, the United States, France and other countries successfully developed a diel locomotive, and had been widely ud in the world.
In 1941, Switzerland successfully developed a new type locomotive driven by the diel oil turbine engines. It had the following advantages: simple structure, small vibration, and good operating performance, so it was widely ud in the industrial countries.
1894，第一汽油柴油机车是德国研制成功，并应用于公共交通，它是柴油机车时代的标志。但这车用汽油为燃料，它的成本太高，所以它并没有得到广泛的应用。
1924，德国，美国，法国和其他国家的成功开发出了柴油机车，并已在世界各地广泛使用。1941，瑞士研制成功一种新型机车用柴油涡轮发动机驱动的。它有以下优点：结构简单，振动小，和良好的操作性能，因此被广泛应用于工业国家。
Chapter Three：The new era of railways
The World’s First Underground Railway
The Metropolitan Railway in London was the world’s First underground railway．It was begun in 1860 and put into u in 1863.
It was early using steam locomotive to drive. So the smoke from the steam trains filled the tunnel．It was very uncomfortable．Holes were cut in the tunnel roof so that the smoke could escape．This made the air in the tunnel better, but the escaping air frightened the hors in the streets above．When the first electric train arrived in 1890, the underground railway was much better．
世界上第一条地下铁路
伦敦大都会铁路是世界上第一条地下铁路。它开始于1860年，于1863投入使用。
签字英文
这是早期使用的蒸汽机车驱动。所以从蒸汽火车充满烟雾的隧道。这是非常不舒服。切孔在隧道顶板使烟能逃脱。这使隧道中更好的空气，但排出的空气使马匹受惊的街道上方。当第一个电动火车到达1890，地下铁路更好的。
The birth of the maglev train
徐莉佳 英语It has been 70 years that maglev technology was put forward in Germany. In 1934, the German Pell Keim applied the patent of No. 643,316, it is the basis of maglev technology.
In 1971, MBB company developed the first prototype of maglev train in the Bavarian, the test distance is about 700 meters.
In 1972, people built a circular track in Erlangen, AEG, BBC and Siemens associated to develop superconductor levitation system.
In 1973, Krauss Maffei started running suspension 04.
In 1974, the speed of non-manned maglev train "Pop" reached 401km / h.
磁悬浮列车的诞生
70年了，提出了在德国的磁悬浮技术。1934，德国佩尔凯姆应用643316号专利，它是磁悬浮列车技术的基础上。
lolipop
1971，MBB公司研制的磁悬浮列车在巴伐利亚的第一个原型，测试的距离大约是700米。1972，埃朗根人，AEG公司建立了一个圆形轨道，开发超导悬浮系统相关的英国广播公司和西门子。
1973，克劳丝马菲开始停运04。
1974，非载人磁悬浮列车的速度―流行‖达到401km /小时。
The birth and growth of the high-speed railway
On October 1, 1964, the first high-speed trains in the world - 0 ries Electric Multiple Unit(EMU)was appeared in Hokkaido Shinkann on the Tokyo Olympic Games, it was marking the birth of the high-speed railway.
After that, Japan has developed 100 ries, 200 ries, 300 ries, 400 ries, 500 ries, 700 ries, 800 ries and E1, E2, E3, E4 ries EMUs, and the high-speed railway was throughout the country.
The construction of the high-speed railway in German began in 1982. ICE1, ICE2, ICE3 and ICT and other type EMUs was developed and put to u.
France began to build high-speed railway since 1981. It has developed TGV-A, TGV-N, TGV-R, TGV-PSE EMUs. On April 3, 2007, the TGV-N EMU has created a world record of the railway by 574.8km / h.
高速铁路的诞生和发展
1964年10月1日，第一世界高速列车- 0系列电多个单位（动车组）出现在北海道新干线在东京奥运会，它标志着高速铁路的诞生。
在那之后，日本已开发的100系列，200系列，300系列，400系列，500系列，700系列，800系列和E1，E2，E3和E4，系电动车组，高速铁路是全国。
德国的高速铁路的建设开始于1982。ICE1，ICE2和ICE3，ICT和其他型动车组的开发和利用。
法国开始修建高速铁路自1981。它已经开发tgv-a，tgv-n，tgv-r，tgv-p动车组。2007
年4月3日，该tgv-n动车组创造了一个由574.8km／h，铁路的世界纪录
