语篇的衔接手段
cohesion and coherence 衔接与连贯
⏹ 他们系统地将衔接分为五大类：照应（reference）、替代（substitution）、省略（ellipsis）、连接（conjunction）及词汇衔接（lexical cohesion）。
其中前三类属于语法手段，第四类属于逻辑手段，最后一类属于词汇衔接手段。
⏹ 照应（reference）是一些起信号作用的词项。它们不能像大多数词项那样本身可作出语义理解，而只能通过照应别的词项来说明信息（英语单词Halliday & Hasan, 1976:31）。照应分为外照应（exophora）和内照应（endophora）。内照应又可分为下照应（或称后照应）（anaphora）和上照应（或称前照应）（cataphora）。
1silk001外照应指独立于上下文之外的词项。内照应指意义依赖于上下文的词项。下照应（后照应）指意义依赖于前述词项的词项、上照应（前照应）指意义依赖于后述词项的词项。
The snail is considered a great delicacy.
As the child grows, he learns to be independent.
It never should have happened. She went out and left the door open.
⏹ 替代（substitution）指用一个词项去代替另一个或几个词项，是词项之间的一种代替关系。英语中常用的替代词one(s), do, same。Halliday和michael jackson经典歌曲Hasan将其分为名词性替代、动词性替代和从句性替代。由于前述句子或上下文使得意义明确而省去句子的一部分称作为省略。它可以视为“零替代”（Halliday & Hasan, 1976:142），省去一些上下文可使之意义明确的成分。
Compare the new dictionary with the old one(s).
We rent a hou, but they own one.
A: Black coffee, plea.
B: The same for me.
They do not buy drinks at the supermarket, but we do.
I think so.
方案英文■ 省略Ellipsis
He prefers Dutch chee and I prefer Danish.
---Do you understand?
---I tried to.
---You haven’t told him yet.
---Not yet.
连接（conjunction）是句际间意义相互联系的一种衔接手段，常用的有递进、转折、因果、时间。词义衔接是实现衔接的又一手段。它是通过词义的选择来实现的。
I told him years ago, but he won’t listen. 泰戈尔 世界上最遥远的距离
He was drowned becau he fell off the pier.
With the following conjunctions in ntences or passages:
rarest*英语逻辑关系表示法*
1. 先后或列举：first, cond…; in the cond place; nest/then; for one thing…for another…; furthermore/moreover/in addition/ besides;finally/last; and等。
2. 因果：conquently/ as a result/ hence/ accordingly/ thus/so/therefore; becau/since/for等。
3.特例或举例：in particular; specifically; for instance/ for example; that is /namely等。
4.转折： But/however/yet/nevertheless; on the contrary; on the other hand; neither…nor等。
5.引出结论：in conclusion/finally/all in all/ to sum up；evidently/ clearly/ actually; of cour等。
6. 表示频率：frequently/often; occasionally/ now and then; day after day; again and again
等。
7. 表示阶段：during; briefly; for a long time; for many years等。
8. 表某一时刻：then/ at that time/ in tho days; last Sunday; next Christmas; in 2005; at the beginning go Sep; at six o’clock; two months ago等。
9. 表示开端：at first/ in the beginning; before then; in the preceding weeks等。
10. 表示其间：in the meantime/ while this was going on/ meanwhile/ as it was happening/ at the same time/ simultaneously等。
11. 表示结束：eventually/ finally/ at last/ in the end 等。
词义衔接主要可划分为重复、同义词、反义词、局部词、上座标词、下义词和搭配。
Cohesion devices in the text Why Historians Disagree
Paragraphs Cohesion devices turn signal
kibby
1 → 2 grammatical
Their reaction to this state of affairs…
2 → 3 grammatical
This position is hardly satisfying
3 → 4 logical/zero connector
4 → 5 logical/grammatical/lexical
In its broadest n, history denotes…
5 connsus→ 6 logical/grammatical
But this does not say enough
6 → 7 lexical
Historians are able to lect and create…
7 → 8 lexical/grammatical
If the choices were as simple as this,…
8 → 9 logical/ lexical
What then are historians to make of the facts
9 → 10 grammatical Similarly…
10→ 11 lexical
In the examples given,…
11→ 12 logical/lexical
12→ 13 logical/lexical
Thematic and Information Structure.
The Hallidayan Approach
Thematic structure: theme and rheme
A clau consists of two gments. The first one is called the theme which is what the clau is about. The cond called the rheme is what the speaker says about the theme.
In a word, a clau is a message that says something (the rheme) about something (the theme).
Marked and unmarked Theme
The unmarked is normally and expectedly lected; marked is abnormal and unexpected, a linguistic variation.
教师节快乐的英语怎么写Types of unmarked theme
Simple theme
1a The fat boy (T) | thought for a moment (R).
b Unwillingly (T) | Ralph felt his lips twitch (R).
c Behind this (T) | was the darkness of the forest proper and the open space of the scar (R).
Multiple theme
1 “And (T-Text) sooner or later (T-Inter) a
ship (T-Idea) |will put in here…”
2 或许(T-Text)正因为(T-Inter) 自己(T-Idea) |缺乏领导才能……
Clausal theme
