第一章
1.linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language
2．The scope of linguistics
Phonetics-语音学 phonology-音系学 morphology-形态学 syntax-句法学 mantics-语义学 pragmatics-语用学
从语言形式划分：
Sociolinguistics社会语言学，psycholinguistics心理语言学，applied linguistics应用语言学
3. Important distinctions in linguistics
Descriptive &> prescriptive 规定性&reporter描写性
Synchronic & >diachronic 共时性&历时性
Speech&> writing 口语&书写平面广告设计软件
Langue & <parole 语言&言语
Competence &< performance 语言能力&语言运用
(Saussure and Chomsky think rule>language fact )
Traditional grammer & modern linguistics
4.What is language?
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication
5.Design features of language 语言的识别特征 Charles Hockett
①Arbitrariness(任意性)refers to the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. (sounds and meanings)
②Productivity/creativity(能产性）:Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its urs
③Duality（双重性）wsj是什么意思:The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are compod of elements of the condary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization..
④Displacement(移位性):Human Languages enable their urs to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not prent (in time and space) at moment of communication.
⑤ Cultural transmission（文化传承性）人独有。动物为基因传承
6.Functions of language
Main function：
Descreptive function 描述功能，expressive function表达功能，social function社会功能
6 basic function （Roman Jakobson）
①addresr-Emotive (情感功能): to express feelings and attitudes of the speaker
②addre-Conativecriminals（意动功能）
③ Context-referential（指称功能）
temptation什么意思④.message-poetic（诗性功能）.
⑤contact-Phatic communion(寒暄交流)
⑥Metalingual function(元语言功能):
Halliday –child language： the ideational 概念功能，the interpersonal交际功能，the te
xtual语篇功能
第二章Phology语音学
Three branches：slayersarticulatory phonetics 发音语言学，auditory phonetics mammut听觉语音学，acoustic phonetics声学语音学。
Organs of speech：pharyngeal cavity咽腔:voiced浊辅音，voiceless清辅音
oral cavity口腔，
nasal cavity鼻腔。Broad&narrow transcription
classification of english speech sound：picasa
phonologyrfp音系学名词解释
Phonetics语音学 is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds ud in all human languages; it aims to answer questions like: how they are produced, how they diff
er from each other, what phonetic features they have, how they can be classified
Phonology 音系学aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns, and how the sounds are ud to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
A phone音素---- a phonetic unit or gment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.系动词
A phoneme音位---- is a phonological unit; it is a unit of distinctive value; an abstract unit, not a particular sound, but it is reprented by a certain phone in certain phonetic context, e.g. the phoneme /p/ can be reprented differently in peak and speak.
Allophones音位变体 ---- the phones that can reprent a phoneme in different phonetic environments. (complementary distribution互补分布)
e.g. the phoneme [l] in English can be realized as dark [l], clear [l], which are allophones of the phoneme [l].
Phonemic contrast音位对立----two different or distinctive phonemes are in phonemic contrast, e.g./b/ and /p/ in [ bIt ] and [pIt].
Complementary distribution互补分布----allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution. They do not distinguish meaning. They occur in different phonetic contexts, e.g.
dark [l] & clear [l], aspirated [p] & unaspirated [p].
Minimal pair最小对立体--- when two different forms are identical (the same) in every way except for one sound gment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair, e.g.
Some rules in phonelogy
Sequential rules 序列规则
Assimilation rule 同化规则
Deletion rule省略规则
Supragmental features超音段特征
stress ，tone，intonation
第三章Morphology（形态学）: refer to the part of the grammar that is concerned with formation and word structure.
Clod class words: conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns consist of the “grammatical” or “functional” words.
Words --- the smallest free form found in language.
Morpheme --- the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.
Phoneme音位 : the smallest meaningful unit of sound: /p, b/
