《英语词汇学》重要术语
One:
1. Native words 本族词
Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words.
2. Loan words 借词
Words borrowed from other languages are loan words or borrowed words.
3. Slang words 俚语
Slang words are tho words of a vigorous, colourful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or us, or derived from the unconventional u of the standard vocabulary. 4. Function words 功能词
Function words are often short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries that rve grammatically more than anything el.
5. Content words 实义词
Content words are ud to name objects, qualities, actions, process or states, and have independent lexical meaning.
6. Free forms 自由形式
Forms which occur as ntences are free forms.
Two:
1. Morphemes 语素
Morphemes are the smallest meaningful linguistic units of English language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.
2. Allomorphs 语素变体
Allomorphs are any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.
3. Free morpheme 自由语素
Free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning.
4. Bound morpheme 粘着语素
Bound morpheme cannot stand by itlf as a complete utterance and must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound.
青云翻译在线5. Root 词根
Root is the basic unchangeable part of a word and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.
6. Affix 词缀
Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be ud only when added to another morpheme.
7. Inflectional affix 屈折词缀
Inflectional affix rves to express such meanings as plurality, ten, and the comparative or superla
tive degree.
8. Derivational affix 派生词缀
Derivational affix is the kind of affixes that has specific lexical meaning hand can derive a word when it is added to another morpheme.
9. Prefixes 前缀
Prefixes are affixes added before words.
10. Suffixes 后缀
Suffixes are affixes added after words.
Three
1. Word-formation rules 构词规则
英文新闻Word-formation rules define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words.
2. Stem 词干
Stem is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.
3. Ba 词基
Ba is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.
4. Compounding 合成法
Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bas to form a new unit.
5. Derivation 派生法
Derivation or affixation is a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both, to the ba.
6. Conversion 转化法
Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a wor
d of another word-class without the addition of an affix.
7. Prefixation 前缀法
Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the ba.
8. Suffixation 后缀法
Suffixation refers to the addition of a suffix to the ba.
Four:
1. Initialism 首字母连写词
Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term or a phra and it is pronounced letter by letter.
2. Acronyms首字母拼音词
Acronyms are word formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, and they are pronounced as words rather than as quences of letters.
3. Clipping 截短法
The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.
4. Blending 拼缀法
pullupBlending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.
5. Back-formation 逆成法
Back-formation is a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a suppod affix from a longer form already prent in the language.
6. Reduplication 重叠法
Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the
repetition of one word or of two almost identical words with a change in the vowels or of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants.
attendance7. Neoclassical formation 新古典词构成法
Neoclassical formation is the process by which new words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek.
Five:
1. Conventionality 约定俗成
It is the characteristics of relation between the sound-symbol and its n: there is no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol has this or that meaning beyond the fact that the people of a given community have agreed to u one to designate the other.
2. Motivation 理据
Motivation refers to the direct connection between word-symbol and its n.
3. Echoic/onomatopoeic words 拟声词
Echoic words or onomatopoeic words are words motivated phonetically who pronunciation suggests the meaning.
4. Morphological motivation 语素结构理据
速度与激情8什么时候上映A word is morphologically motivated if a direct connection can be obrved between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning.
5. Semantic motivation 语义理据
Semantic motivation refers to motivation bad on mantic factors and it is usually provided by the figurative usage of words.
6. Grammatical meaning 语法意义
Grammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm.
7. Inflectional paradigm 词形变化
The t of grammatical forms of a word is called its inflectional paradigm. Nouns are declined, verbs are conjugated and gradable adjectives have degrees of comparison.
8. Denotative meaning 外延意义
The denotative meaning of a word is its definition given in a dictionary.
9. Connotative meaning 内涵意义
Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or a phra suggests in one’s mind.
10. Social or stylistic meaning 社会意义
Social meaning is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its u.
11. Affective meaning 情感意义
有效沟通技巧
Affective meaning is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.
12. Componential analysis 语义成分分析
重庆php培训The conceptual meaning or denotative meaning can be broken down into its minimal distinctive components which are known as mantic features. Such an analysis is called componential analysi
s.
Six:
1. Polymy 一词多义
manglobePolymy happens when more than one meaning is attached to a word.
2. Radiation 词义辐射
Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while condary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays.
3. Concatenation 语义的连锁、联结
Concatenation is a mantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first n by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the n that is finally developed and the primary meaning.
4. Homonymy 同音异义、同形异义
Homonymy is the relation between pairs or groups of word which, though different in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike or both.
5. Perfect homonyms 完全同音同形异义词
Words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning are called perfect homonyms.
6. Homophones 同音异义词
Words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning are called homophones.
7. Homographs 同形异义词
Words identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning are called homographs.
8. Phonetic convergence 音变的汇合
Phonetic convergence is the kind of phenomenon where two or more words which once were different in sound forms take on the same pronunciation.
9. Semantic Divergence 词义分化
When two or more meanings of the same word drift apart to such an extent that there will be no obvious connection between them, the word has undergone the process of mantic divergence.
Seven:
1. Synonyms 同义词
A synonym may be defined as a word having the same meaning as another word: as one of two or more words of the same language and grammatical category having the same esntial or generic meaning and differing only in connotation, application, or idiomatic u.
2. Complete synonyms 完全同义词
Two words are totally synonymous only if they are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings.
3. Relative synonyms 相对同义词
Relative synonyms are words that are not fully identical but may differ in shades of meaning, in emotional colouring, in level of formality, in collocation, and in distribution.
4. Antonymy 反义关系
In its general n, antonymy refers to all types of mantic oppositeness.
5. Contraries/gradable antonyms 相对性反义词
Contraries or contrary terms display such a type of mantic contrast that they can be handled in terms of gradability, that is, in terms of degrees of the quality involved.
6. Complementaries/contradictory terms 互补性反义词
Complementaries or contradictories reprent a type of binary mantic opposition so that thestateoftheart
asrtion of one of the items implies the denial of the other.
7. Conversives/convers/relational opposites 换位性反义词
Conversives reprent such a type of binary mantic opposition that there is an interdependence of meaning, or say, one member of the pair presuppos the other.
8. Hyponymy 上下义关系
Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is included in the latter.
9. Superordinates 上义词
The general term in a hyponymy pair is called a superordinate linguistically.
10. Hyponyms 下义词
The specific term in a hyponymy pair is called the hyponym or subordinate.
11. Semantic field 语义场
Semantic field theory is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks. The words of a mantic field are joined together by a common concept, and they are likely to have a number of collocations in common.
Eight:
1. Context 语境
Context in its narrowest n consists of the lexical items that come immediately before and after any word in an act of communication. But, in broader n, it may cover the whole passage and sometimes the whole book in which a word occurs, and in some cas even the entire social or cultural tting.
clemence2. Linguistic context 语言语境
Linguistic context is lexical, grammatical and verbal context in its broad n.
3. Extra-linguistic context 语言之外的环境
Extra-linguistic context refers not only to the actual speech situation in which a word is ud but also to the entire cultural background against which a word, or an utterance or a speech event is t.
4. Lexical context 词汇语境
Lexical context refers to the lexical items combined with a given polymous word.
5. Grammatical context 语法语境
In grammatical context, the syntactic structure of the context determines various individual meanings of a polymous word.
6. Verbal context 言语语境
The verbal context, in its broadest n, may cover an entire passage, or even an entire book, and in some cas even the entire social or cultural tting.
7. Ambiguity 歧义
Ambiguity refers to a word, phra, ntence or group of ntences with more than one possible interpretation or meaning.
8. Lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义
Lexical ambiguity is caud by polymy.
9. Structural ambiguity 结构歧义
Structural ambiguity aris from the grammatical analysis of a ntence or a phra.
