《忽必烈设立浮梁磁局——元官窑》
公元1271年，元帝国建立，元代统治者崇尚白色，“国俗尚白，以白为吉”，其服饰、建筑都崇尚白色，白色的瓷器同样为元代帝王珍爱。白瓷在元代的景德镇有很大的发展，优质的白瓷引起朝廷的高度重视。1278年，元世祖忽必烈在景德镇设立第一个官窑——浮梁磁局，烧造官窑瓷器。元代景德镇成功地烧造出枢府瓷，青花和釉里红瓷，取得卓越成就，为明清两代制瓷工艺的高度发展奠定了基础，景德镇并因此在日后成为全国的制瓷中心，赢得了瓷都的桂冠。
Kublai Set up Fuliang Ceramic Bureau--------Empire Kiln王若琳什么歌好听
Yuan empire was founded in 1271, governors of which admired white color. As was called, the state paid homage to white and regarded it as good luck. So the dressing and architecture were all dominated with white color. In turn, the white porcelain was cherished by the respective kings of Yuan dynasty. White porcelain of the time underwent a conspicuous development. High quality white porcelain wares were highly regarded by the court In 1278, initial king of Yuan dynasty Kublai t up the first empire kiln——Fuliang Cer
amic Bureau, making2019专四答案 the ceramic production for the royal court. In due time the empire kiln succeeded in producing porcelain for official u, blue and white and under-glazed red porcelain in Jingdezhen. Such achievements laid a solid foundation for the high development of ceramic crafts for the following Ming and Qing dynasties, which in turn, contributed to the statewide centre of ceramic production and the laurel of “Porcelain Capital” for Jingdezhen.
commercialisation《洪武帝兴建珠山御器厂》
unlimited 朱元璋推翻蒙元帝国，建立了大明王朝，却几乎全盘承袭了元代“匠籍制度”。由于祭祀、赐赉、贸易所需，开国之初，就在原“浮梁磁局”的基础上建立了御器厂。洪武帝需要以瓷器换马用于战争，还要用瓷器扩大贸易和安抚邻邦。御厂烧造出器型硕大的青花、釉里红大盘、大碗、大罐，素朴雄浑、粗豪而不失风韵，形成了洪武官窑瓷器的独特风格。
中文谐音Empire of Hongwu t up Zhushan Royal Factory of Porcelain wares
Zhu Yuanzhangconviction smashed Mongolia’s Yuan empire and founded grand Ming dynasty, whil
e he completely carried on the craftsmanship of the ex-dynasty. To meet the demands of sacrifice, prents and trade, he t up Royal Factory of Porcelain wares on the basis of Fuliang Ceramic Bureau, Emperor of Hongwu needed porcelain in exchanges of hors for the u of war and also ud porcelain to expand trade or for the diplomatic need. The porcelain wares made from it such as large-sized plates, bowls, and jars with decoration of under-glaze red and blue and white, are bold with beauty and formed the unique style of the Hongwu official kiln.
《明宣宗斩督陶官张善》
宣德官窑有极为严格的管理制度，朝廷派官员督陶，负责宫廷用瓷的生产，特别是对贡余品、次品管理近乎苛刻。督陶官张善“贪酷虐下人不堪，所造御用器，多以分馈其同列”。宣德二年（1427年）为了整肃纪律，杜绝官窑贡余品的外流，宣德帝将督陶官张善处以极刑。同时将所有次品一律集中打碎，就地掩埋。既维护了皇权的威严，也确保了官窑瓷器的至精至美。
Emperor of Xuande Sentenced Ceramic Governor to Death
The official kiln in Xuande Reign boasted strict administration. The royal court dispatched officials to supervi the porcelain production and had a strict control for the surplus of royal offerings or the under-graded products. The ceramic governor Zhang Shan was said to be greedy and cruel, so many porcelain wares were distributed. In the cond year of Xuande reign(1427), in order to prevent the products from out-flowing, the emperor killed Zhan Shan with vere penalty and destroyed all the surplus and under-graded products. Such move not only maintained the prestige of the king but also guaranteed the delicacy and beauty of the products.
《朱瞻苏州外语培训基与宣德官窑蟋蟀罐》
明宣德皇帝朱瞻敌人英语基喜好玩蟋蟀，在文学名著——《聊斋志异》“促织”篇中有描写，而宫廷正史却无记载。1993年珠山宣德官窑遗址考古发现证实：御厂为朝廷烧造了数十种纹饰精美的蟋蟀罐，其中青花双角五爪龙纹蟋蟀罐就是进贡给宣德皇帝观赏斗蟋蟀的“斗盆”。这位“太平天子”不仅有玩蟋蟀之好，而且酷爱养鸟赏花，宣德御厂为朝廷烧造的花鸟虫鱼器皿就达几十种。
Zhu Zhanji and Cricket Pots
The emperor Zhu Zhanescape的用法ji in Xuande of Ming dynasty enjoyed playing with crickets, which was described in the chapter of Chuzhi in “Liiaozhaizhiyi”( a well-known literature), but without record in the palace history. Archaeological discovery from the remaining sites of Xuande Official kiln in 1993 confirmed that the royal factory once produced more than ten kinds of exquisitely designed cricket pots, one of which was the “fighting pot” with the design of double-horned and five-pawed dragon in blue and white for the emperor of Xuande to enjoy the crickets’ fighting. Besides the passion for crickets, the king of peaceful time also had special hobby for birds and flowers, so the royal factory produced more than ten kinds of ware for it.
《太监王振督造青龙白瓷缸》
明代永乐年间，北京谨角，华盖，奉天三大殿被大火烧毁，正统六年（1441年）三大殿重建工程完成。太监王振命令景德镇为大殿烧造青龙白瓷缸，因缸大而且壁厚，屡烧不成，三大殿前的陈设便以铜缸代替。而几十口有裂纹的龙缸则被打碎掩埋在御厂西围墙下，直
零起点英语
到1988年被考古工作者发现，青龙白缸才得以重见天日，现陈列在龙珠阁展厅。
Eunuch Wang Zhen Supervid the Making of Porcelain Jar with design of blue dragons
During the reign of Yongle of Ming dynasty, three of Beijing’s mansions----Jinjiao, Huagai and Fengtiang were burned down, in the sixth year of Zhengtong reign (1441) when the rebuilding of the three mansions was completed, the eunuch Wangzhen gave the order that Jingdezhen should produce a white porcelain jar with the decoration of blue dragons. Becau the jar was too big and thick, the project failed. Then the three mansions was furnished with copper jars instead, while tens of porcelain jars with flaws were broken and buried under the foot of western wall of the royal factory. The jars were not discovered until they were unearthed by the archaeologists in 1988 and now are displayed in the Dragon-pearl Pavilion.
