英语语言学复习题
III.Define the following terms.(20%,four points for each)
1.allophone：any different forms of the same phoneme in different phonetic environments
2.bound morpheme
take five3.linguistic competence
gre分类词汇Linguistic competence is the system of linguistic knowledge possd by native speakers of a language.It is in contrast to the concept of Linguistic performance,the way the language system is ud in communication.
4.homonymy
5.utterance meaning The meaning that a speaker conveys by using a particular utterance in a particular context.utterance:expression produced in a particular context with a particular intention.
6.Displacement
I t means that language can be ud to talk about what happened in the pas
t,what is happening now,or what will happen in the future.Language can
mistake可数吗also be ud to talk about our real word experiences or the experiences in o
ur imaginary world.In other words,language can be ud to refer to conte
xts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.
relieve7.free morpheme
8.deep structure
9.hyponymy
10.illocutionary act
IV.Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible.Give examples for illustration if necessary.(20%,ten points for each)
1.What are the design features of human language?Illustrate them with examples.
1)Arbitrariness
As mentioned earlier,the arbitrary property of language means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.For instance,there is no necessary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes.In addition,different sounds are ud to refer to the same object in different languages,and even within the same language,the same sound does not refer to the same thing.However,language is not entirely arbitrary.There are words which are created in the imitation of sounds by sounds,such as crash,bang in English.Besides,some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary.But the nonarbitrary words are quite limited in number. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.
2)Productivity
Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its urs.This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of ntences,including ntences that they have never said or heard before.They can nd messages which no one el has ever nt before.
Productivity is unique to human language.Most animal communication systems appear to be highly r
estricted with respect to the number of different signals that their urs can nd and receive.城市规划就业前景
3)Duality
The duality nature of language means that language is a system,which consists of two ts of structure,or two levels,one of sounds and the other of meanings.At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds,which are meaningless,discrete,individual sounds.But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words,which,at the higher level,can be arranged into ntences.This duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its urs to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to posssing it.
4)Displacement
Displacement means that language can be ud to refer to things which are prent or not prent, real or imagined matters in the past,prent,or future,or in faraway places.In other words, language can be ud to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in respon to immediate changes of situation.
5)Cultural transmission
Human beings were born with the ability to acquire language,but the details of any language are not genetically transmitted or pasd down by instinct.They have to be taught and learned,but animal call systems are genetically transmitted.
2.Discuss in detail the locutionary act,illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.
A locutionary act is the act of uttering words,phras,claus.It is the act of Conveying literal
meaning by means of syntax,lexicon and phonology.An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention;it is the act performed in saying something.A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something;it is the conquence of,or the change brought about by the utterance;it is the act performed by saying something.For example:You have left the door wide open.The locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words"you,'"have,""door,""left,""open,"etc.and expresd what the word literally mean.The illocutionary act performed by the speaker is that by making such an utterance,he has expresd his intention of asking the hearer to clo the door.The perlocutionary act refers to the effect of the utterance.If the hearer understands that the speaker intends him to clo the door and clos the door,the speaker has successfully brought about the change in the real world he has intended to;then the perlocutiohary act is successfully performed.
3.Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication.Explain it in detail.
First of all,language is a system,becau elements of language are combined according to rules. Secondly,language is arbitrary becau there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning,or between the sign and what it stands for.Different languages have different words for the same object in the world.This fact is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolic nature of language:words are just symbols;they are associated with objects,actions,ideas,etc.by convention.Thirdly,language is vocal becau the primary medium is sound for all languages,no matter how welldeveloped their writing systems are.
The term"human"in the definition indicates that language is possd by human beings only and is very different from the communication systems of other living creatures.The term "communication"means that language makes it possible for its urs to talk to each other and fulfil their communicative needs.xix
4.How does the flouting of the maxims give ri to conversational implicatures?
A：Do you know where Mr.Smith lives？
junior
B：Somewhere in the southern suburbs of the city.
This is said when both A and B know that B does know Mr.Smith's address.Thus B does not give enough information that is required，and he has flouted the maxim of quantity. Therefore，such conversational implicature as"I do not wish to tell you where Mr.Smith lives" is produced.
A：Would you like to come to our party tonight？
B：I'm afraid I'm not feeling so well today.怦然心动片尾曲
This is said when both A and B know that B is not having any health problem that will prevent him from going to a party.Thus B is saying something that he himlf knows to be fal and he is violating the maxim of quality.The conversational implicature"I do not want to go to
your party tonight"is then produced.
A：The hostess is an awful bore.Don't you think？
thorn
B：The ros in the garden are beautiful，aren't they？
This is said when both A and B know that it is entirely possible for B to make a comment on the hostess.Thus B is saying something irrelevant to what A has just said，and he has flouted the maxim of relation.The conversational implicature"I don't wish to talk about the hostess in such a rude manner"is produced.
A：Shall we get something for the kids？
B：Yes.But I veto ICECREAM.
ice cream sandwich
This is said when both A and B know that B has no difficulty in pronouncing the word "icecream."Thus B has flouted the maxim of manner.The conversational implicature"I don’t want the kids to know we are talking about icecream"is then produced.
