C hapter Fifteen
Monopoly
一、名词解释(SOLUTIONS TO Key Concepts):
1. monopoly, 垄断:如果一个企业是某种产品的唯一卖者,而且这种产品没有相近的替代品,这个企业就是一个垄断企业。垄断企业是市场价格的制定者,消费者只能以垄断企业制定的价格购买该商品。垄断产生的基本原因是进入壁垒,即其他企业不能进入市场并与之竞争。垄断企业的产量低于社会最优产量,同时还存在无谓损失。
2. natural monopoly, 自然垄断:当一个企业能以低于当市场上有两个或者更多企业时的成本为整个市场提供一种物品或劳务时,这个企业就是自然垄断企业。当在一定产量范围内存在规模经济时,自然垄断就产生了。在自然垄断情况下,一个企业可以以最低的成本生产任何数量的产品,也就意味着在既定的产量下,企业数量越多,每个企业的产量越少,平均总成本越高。自然垄断企业的平均总成本随着产量的增加而下降,而边际成本将保持不变。
marvelous3. price discrimination, 价格歧视:有市场势力的企业为了把消费者的剩余转变为生产者剩余,即为了获得更多的利润,在出售相同的或有微小差别的产品时,对不同的消费者收取不同的价格,尽管这些产品
的生产成本是相同的。企业的这种做法就是价格歧视。价格歧视增加了企业的利润,使消费者剩余减少。一个企业能够实行价格歧视意味着这个企业能够根据某种特性把消费者区分开来,从而对不同消费者索要不同的价格。
二、问答题(Problem and Applications):
1. Suppo that a natural monopolist was required by law to charge average total cost.On
a diagram, label the price charged and the deadweight loss to society relative to marginal-cost pricing.
图1
图1表明一个自然垄断企业会把价格设定在需求曲线与平均总成本曲线相交的点,即P ATC ,均衡产量是Q ATC 。如果按照边际成本来定价,则价格是P MC ,产量是Q MC ,这种情况下,总剩余增加了如图所示的三角形的面积。
2. Consider the delibery of mail. In general, what is the shape of the average-total-cost curve? How might the shape differ between isolated rural areas and denly populated urban areas? How might the shape have changed over time? Explain.
翻译培训因为固定投资很大,邮递业的平均总成本随着邮递业务的扩大而不断下降,投递一封信的边际成本是很小的。但是在偏远的乡村,因为交通费用很高,投递一封信比在人口稠密的城市要高很多。随着时间的推移,自动化设备的增加降低了边际成本但增加了固定成本,所以总成本曲线在投递量很小时很陡峭,在投递量很大是很平坦。
3.Suppo the Clean Spring Water Company has a monopoly on bottled water sales in California. If the price of tap water increas, what is the changer in Clean Spring’s profit-maximizing levels of output, price, and profit? Explain in words an with a graph.
图2
如果自来水的价格上升,对瓶装水的需求将增加。在图2中,需求曲线由D1移动到D2,相应的边际收益曲线由MR1移动到MR2。利润最大化产量是边际成本等于边际收益时的产量。利润最大化产量、价格、平均成本如图所示。在自来水价格上升之前,利润最大化产量是Q1,自来水价格上升之后,利润最大化的产量是Q2。P1是自来水价格上升之前的利润最大化价格,P2是自来水价格上升之后的利润最大化价格。AC1是自来水价格上升之前的平均成本,AC2是自来水价格上升之后的平均成本。利润从(P1-AC1)×Q1上升到(P2-AC2)×Q2。
4. A small town is rved by many competing supermarkets, which have constant marginal cost.
a. Using a diagram of the market for groceries, show the consumers surplus, producers surplus, and total surplus.
b. Now suppo that the independent supermarkets combine into one chain. Using a new
diagram,show the new consumer surlplus,producer surplus,and total surplus.Relative to the competitive market,what is the transfer from consumers to producers?What is the deadlweight loss?
图3
a. 图3表示在有很多竞争性的超市的市场上,日用品的市场状况。此时销售量是Qc,价格是Pc, 生产者剩余是零,消费者剩余是A的面积,总剩余是A的面积。
图4
b. 如果超市都合并成一家连锁店,图4表明新的市场状况。销售量从Qc下降到Qm,价格从Pc上升到Pm,图3中A的面积等于图5中B+C+D+E+F的面积。现在,生产者剩余是D+E的面积,消费者剩余是B+C的面积。总剩余是B+C+D+E的面积。相对于竞争市场,消费者将D+E的剩余转移给生产者。无谓损失是F的面积。
5. Johnny Rockabilly has just finished recording his latest CD. His record company’s marketing department determines that the demand for the CD is as follows:
Price Number of CDs
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$24 10,000
22 20,000
英语必修五单词录音20 30,000
18 40,ooo
16 50,000
14 60,000
The company can produce the CD with no fixed cost and a variable cost of $5 per CD. a.Find total revenue for quantity equal to 10,000, 20,000, and so on. What is the
marginal revenue for each 10,000 increa in the quantity sold?
b.What quantity of CDs would maximize profit? What would the price be? What would
the profit be?
c.If you were Johnny’s agent, what recording fee would you advi Johnny to demand
from the record company? Why?
解:
内作a.下表说明了在每一个均衡价格和产量上,总收益和边际收益的情况:
价格产量总收益边际收益总成本利润
24 10,000 $ 240,000 ---- $ 50,000 $ 190,000
22 20,000 440,000 $ 20 100,000 340,000
20 30,000 600,000 16 150,000 450,000
18 40,000 720,000 12 200,000 520,000
lucky jason mraz
16 50,000 800,000 8 250,000 550,000
14 60,000 840,000 4 300,000 540,000
b.当产量在50,000价格在$16时,总利润达到最大。在这个点上,总利润是$550,000
c.作为Johnny的经纪人,你最好建议他向唱片公司收取$550,000的费用。这时,Johnny
获得了全部的利润,企业没有获得利润。
6.In 1969 the government charged IBM with monopolizing the computer market. The
government argued (correctly) that a large share of all mainframe computers sold in the United States were produced by IBM. IBM argued (correctly) that a much smaller share of the market for all types of computers consisted of IBM products. Bad on the facts, do you think that the government should have brought suit against IBM for violating the antitrust laws? Explain.
解:是否对IBM提起诉讼,要看IBM在市场上是否真的具有垄断地位以及他的垄断地位有多强大。从IBM反驳理由来看,顾客可以用其他大型机来代替IBM的机器,这使得他的垄断势力受到限制。所以政府首先要确定IBM大型机的需求曲线,进而确定他的价格和边际成本之间的差额从而确定IBM公司的垄断势力有多强大。
trouble is a friend歌词7. A company is considering building a bridge across a river. The bridge would cost $2
million to build and nothing to maintain. The following table shows the company’s anticipated demand over the lifetime of the bridge:
Price per Crossing Number of Crossing (in thousand)
$8 0
7 100
hoshino6 200
5 300
4 400
vortex3 500
2 600
1 700
0 800
a.If the company were to build the bridge, what would be its profit-maximizing price?
Would that be the efficient level of output? Why or why not?
b.If the company is interested in maximizing profit, should it build the bridge? What would be its profit or loss?
c.If the government were to build the bridge, what price should it charge? d.Should the government build the bridge? Explain.
解:
refa.下图说明了这座桥的总收益和边际收益之间的关系。
价格需求量总收益边际收益
$ 8 0 $ 0 ----
7 100 700 $ 7
6 200 1,200 5
5 300 1,500 3
4 400 1,600 1
3 500 1,500 -1
2 600 1,200 -3
1 700 700 -5
0 800 0 -7
从图中可以看出,当价格是$4时,总收益达到最大。此时需求量是400。但是这不是有效率的供给量。有效率的供给量是800是因为在这时价格等于边际成本。利润最大化的量比有效率的量低是因为这个公司是垄断企业。
b.因为从这座桥上所获得利润是负的,这家公司不应该建这座桥。如果建造这座桥,公司
的最大受益是$1,600,000,但是他的建造成本是$2,000,000。所以他将亏损$400,000。
c.如果政府要建造这座桥的话,他应该将价格设为零。因为当边际成本等于边际受益时,
这时的价格水平是有效率的。但是从这座桥上通过一个人的边际成本是零,所以政府不应该对从这座桥上通过的人收取任何的费用。
d.政府应该建造这座桥,因为建造这座桥可以使社会总剩余增加。从图5中可以看到,总
剩余是1/2 x 8 x 800,000 = $3,200,000,它超过了建造这座桥的总成本。