- 203 -校园英语 / 语言文化研究
【摘要】全球化的深入发展推动了人生观、价值观、世界观的交流，从而产生了愈来愈多跨文化碰撞。为了更好地理解跨文化冲突，本文旨在从跨文化交际中跨文化冲突的价值观冲突和语言冲突对电影《沙漠之花》进行分析。基于本文的研究，电影主人公华莉丝·迪里(Waris Dirie)在经历几次跨文化冲突后，身心均得到了成长。尽管本文只针对一部电影和一个跨文化元素进行了跨文化冲突分析，但是电影中解决跨文化冲突使用的策略和方法非常实用，可以有效运用在现实生活中。
【关键词】跨文化交际 跨文化冲突 《沙漠之花》
【Abstract 】The development of globalization promotes the exchange between view of life, values and worldviews, which aris more intercultural conflicts. In order to better understand how intercultural conflicts function in the cour of the intercultural communication, this paper explores the film Dert Flower from intercultural conflicts through value differences and language differences. Bad on the analysis in the paper, it can be concluded that through solving veral times of intercultural conflicts, the leading character, Waris Dirie, became a grown up physically as well as mentally. Although the rearch is only on the basis of one film and one element of intercultural communication, the strategies and methods that dealing with the intercultural conflicts are practical and can be applied to real life experience.
【Key words 】intercultural communication; intercultural conflicts; Dert Flower
1. Introduction
The film Dert Flower shoulders the responsibility of abolishing women circumcision around the world. Waris Dirie, as a girl born in Somalia and travelled all the way to Britain, has experienced tremendous intercultural communications during the process of the journey. At the end of the film, as a super model and UN ambassador, she endeavors to rai public awareness against female genital mutilation worldwide. This paper mainly focus on the value differences and languages differences that cau huge intercultural conflicts in the film. On the basis of the analysis, how do characters encounter and tackle the intercultural conflicts are investigated through academic methods.
2. Intercultural Conflicts 2.1 Types of intercultural conflicts
Cultures vary in their values, worldviews, attitudes and communication styles which people of that culture approve. Individuals coming from two different cultural backgrounds bring with them different values and habits that have an influence on the conflict process. Intercultural conflict is defined as ‘the experience of emotional frustration connected with perceived
浅析电影《沙漠之花》中的跨文化冲突
湖北第二师范学院外国语学院/黄锦
incompatibility of values, norms, goals, face orientations, scarce resources, process, and/or outcomes between a minimum of two cultural parties over identity, relational, and/or substantive issues ’ (Ting-Toomy & Oetzel, 2001, p.17). In social science approach, there are five types of conflicts according to a rearch conducted by Mark Cole in 1996, namely affective conflict, a conflict of interest, value conflict, cognitive conflict and goal conflict (Martin & Nakayama, 2010, p.437).
2.2 Factors of intercultural conflicts
Although each person has a preferred way to deal with conflicts, they may choo different tactics in different circumstances. There are five strategies for people to manage conflicts ：dominating style, integrating style, compromising style, obliging style and avoiding style (Martin & Nakayama, 2010, p.438-439). However, the interpretive and critical approaches to social conflict have the tendency to emphasize the social and cultural aspects of conflict, which is deeply rooted in cultural differences in the social, economic and historical contexts (Martin & Nakayama, 2010). And they suggest ven ways for dealing with intercultural conflicts, they are ：staying centered and do not polarize, maintain
ing contact, recognizing the existence of different styles, identifying your preferred styles, being creative and expanding your conflict style repertoire, recognizing the importance of conflict context and being willing to forgive (Augsburger, 1992；Wilmot & Hocker, 2001；Speicher, 1994；Martin & Nakayama, 2010).
prospects3. Intercultural conflicts in the film
大学英语六级成绩查询3.1 Intercultural conflict caud by value difference
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Seeing Marilyn is having x in the room shocks Waris. She is hard to calm down, so she runs downstairs and waits in the corridor. When the man leaves, Waris goes back to the room and sits with her back to Marilyn. Marilyn feels her angriness and apologizes for not letting her know earlier. But Waris responds ‘A respectable woman does not do that ’. Marilyn points out that Waris even cannot say the word ‘x ’ out, and it is not ashamed for ‘a respectable woman to have fun and still be respectable ’. For a while, Waris does not say anything. The intercultural conflict between Marilyn and Waris reaches its climax. Marilyn cannot understand why Waris is so rious about intercour and even cannot say the word ‘x ’ directly. And Waris is angry at Marilyn ’s open attitude towards x and she cannot understand why Marilyn is able to have intercour without marriage. The differe
分别英语nt ideologies of Marilyn and Waris caud intercultural conflict that needs further explanation on both sides about their own cultures. Then the conflict between them is gradually solved by recognizing the existence of different
term校园英语 / 语言文化研究
txxcultures. Waris continues to say ‘only a cut woman is a good woman’ which confus Marilyn with the word ‘cut’. Then Marilyn asks Waris to explain ‘cut’ in English directly, which manifests how Marilyn dealing with this intercultural conflict. From the conversation, it can be obrved that Marilyn is a person tends to u direct way to communicate. If she does not understand what the nder is talking about, she will ask questions directly to avoid miscommunications. After Waris explains the ‘cut’ is a way for women to stay virgin and on the wedding night, the husband will u a knife to cut it open, Marilyn is still confud about it, and then Waris starts to figure out that maybe Marilyn is not a circumcid woman. At the same time, Marilyn asks Waris to show her what is the ‘cut’ to help her to understand. By directly eing the circumcision trauma on Waris’s body, Marilyn comprehends why Waris is so rious about x. It is becau of the tradition in the village of Somalia where Waris was born. Every woman receives circumcision when they are young so as to stay a virgin, and only a circumcid woman can be regarded as a pure and clean woman. So having x without marriage is
not allowed in the village, and a woman does not circumcid will be expelled. When Marilyn tells Waris no one does the same thing to women here and directly shows her what the part of the body should be like, Waris understands what happens in her village in Somalia does not exist in London, and to be a woman does not necessarily mean to suffer from the physical and mental damage of circumcision as a way to keep virginity. The tension of intercultural conflict between Marilyn and Waris resolves by getting to know each other’s culture and value on virginity, having dialogues constantly and directly showing what the ‘cut’ is like to explain the incomprehensible part of a different culture.
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3.2 Intercultural conflict caud by value and language differences
Female circumcision is prevalent in varied cultural context in African and other populations, which includes the practices to completely or partially remove or alter the external genitalia and w the wound up at infancy for nonmedical reasons to keep virginity. This non-humanitarian traditional practice has not attracted international attention at the time when Waris stays in London as a cleaner. And according to the custom, letting an unacquainted doctor e the body should be ashamed. However, becau of the sudden pain from the circumcid area, Waris has to consult a doctor, which makes her feel nervous and uneasy. It is hard for Waris to overcome the fear to lift her
mpv什么意思legs on the brackets of the gynecological examination bed. She tightly holds the handgrips, clos her eyes, and starts to shake and cry when the doctor examines her body, becau she knows that this action is not allowed in her culture and she should be ashamed of what she has done. Nevertheless, the doctor does not know their culture and tradition, and he tries to comfort Waris by assuring her that she will not hurt after the operation. He finds a male nur from Somalia to do translation so as to avoid miscommunications, which, in fact, triggers great intercultural conflicts. The Somali male nur does not translate the original ntences by the doctor from English to Somali, but keeps reproaching Waris for her action and emphasizing their tradition in Somali. The traditional and peculiar Somali culture and the western value to fight for rights collide, which contribute to the miscommunication between Waris and the doctor. In addition, the language element is also a crucial factor to the miscommunication.
For the doctor, he cannot understand Somali, so he expects and relies on the male nur to do the preci and correct translation. For Waris, Somali is her first language, so it is much easier for her to u Somali rather than English when communicating with the doctor. And she understands what it means in Somalia if she accepts the operation, which is shameful and violating their traditions. However, the male nur keeps reminding Waris of their tradition, and criticizing Waris for allowing ‘a
white man’ to e her body in Somali. The difference of language and value hinders the fluent communication between Waris and the doctor, which caus barriers for Waris to directly express her ideas and opinions to the doctor from another culture. The mediation by the Somali male nur is unsuccessful and has a negative effect on dealing with the intercultural conflicts between Waris and the doctor. At last, after Waris recalls her mirable and toughing escaping life from Somalia to Britain, she decides to take the operation and fight against the traditional norm and value that tortures her for long time in order to make a difference. By recognizing the importance of conflict context and being willing to change, Waris resolves the tension between the doctor and her.
4. Conclusion
新视野大学英语读写教程3In this paper, intercultural conflicts from value differences and language differences are discusd by ways of the rearch in the film Dert Flower. In order to build strong cultural awareness and communication skills, strategies for effective intercultural communication are esntial. Through improving linguistic competence and changing herlf, Waris Dirie is able to resolve the tensions in effective ways. This paper can bring enlightenments to people who need to deal with intercultural communication issues in real life. And further rearches can focus on other intercultural elements like communication styles and identity issues.
References：
[1]Augsburger,D.(1992).Conflict mediation across cultures. Louisville,KY:Westminster/John Knox Press.
[2]Martin,J.N.,& Nakayama,T.K.(2010).Intercultural communication in contexts.NY:McGraw-Hill.
[3]Speicher,B.L.(1994).Interethnic conflict:Attribution and cultural ignorance.
作者简介：黄锦(1989-)，女，湖北武汉人，助教，硕士，研究方向为应用语言学。
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