六级范文第18套
Reconstructing Ancient Environment
Paragraph1
A stage that is imperative in any archaeological process is the reconstruction of the physical environments in which a particular gment of the archaeological record was formed.Climates and the world’s geomorphology—the shape and constituents of land surfaces—have changed greatly over the past veral million years of human history, and each archaeological analysis begins with an effort to reconstruct the physical world of the culture being analyzed.
1.The word“constituents”in the passage is clost in meaning to
B.locations
C.size
Paragraph2
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Ancient climates can often be reconstructed from floral and faunal remains.The study of animal remains,or faunal analysis,is a complex field in which,in most cas,the archaeologist is trying to reconstruct human diet and local environments.Faunal analysts usually count the numbers and kinds of animals reprented by the remains they find,and then u statistical methods to estimate the food values,ages,and xes of the animals being exploited.The prehistoric record of the meat-eating habits of early humans is far from clear about the prevalence of scavenging.One faction of prehistorians argues there is evidence that early humans were primarily scavengers who found the remains of animals killed by lions and other carnivores,and butchered them.Another faction disagrees and propos that early humans hunted for their own meat.Marks left by humans cutting up animals with stone tools are now being analyzed to help distinguish between cas in which people butchered animals they had killed themlves and tho in which they butchered animals they scavenged from kills of other animals.
2.According to paragraph2,prehistorians disagree about which of the following?
A.Whether humans hunted animals themlves or ate meat from animals killed by other carnivores
B.The number and kinds of animals humans ate
C.Whether lions and other carnivores were hunted by humans
D.Whether or not humans butchered animals to eat
3.Which of the ntences below best express the esntial information in the highlighted ntence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out esntial information.
A.Humans using stone tools to butcher animals left marks on the bones of the
animals they killed and the animals they scavenged.
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va怎么读B.Humans scavenged stone tools to butcher animals left marks on the bones of the animals they killed and the animals they scavenged.
C.Humans scavenged animals killed by other animals and butchered them using stone tools.
D.Tool marks on butchered animals bones are analyzed to help determine whether humans killed or merely scavenged the animals.
Paragraph3
Throughout human history,plants have been our main source of food,and so floral analys—studies of the remains of plants—are an extremely important part of archaeology,particularly in studies of how domesticated plants and animals and agricultural economies evolved.Carbon is chemically quite stable,so charred plants (plants converted to charcoal or carbon)and eds prerve well.Carbonized plant remains can be retrieved by flotation:excavated diments are mixed with water or some other fluid and the charred plant fragments ri to the surface,where they can be skimmed off and identified.The importance of such analys lies in the fact that the plants indicate much about the climates and vegetation of the periods in which the animals lived.For example,there are debates about when and where various animals were domesticated.If phytoliths(tiny mineral particles formed inside plants)of domesticated grains are found on the teeth of the animals,the probability is high that they were part of an agricultural economy.
4.The word“excavated”in the passage is clost in meaning to
A.dug from the ground
C.deposited
hl7D.Dried
5.According to paragraph3,what is one reason that scientists u flotation?
A.To estimate the fluid content of ancient plants and eds
B.To identify the diments in which ancient plants grew
C.To learn about the climate of places where ancient plants grew
D.To determine whether the remains of ancient plants and eds have carbonized
6.According to paragraph3,which of the following is true about carbonized plant remains?
A.Each fragment of carbonized plant remains contains diments of a wide variety of plants.
B.Carbonized plant remains are usually found near the remains of domesticated animals.
C.Carbonized plant remains can be recovered by mixing diments with fluid.
D.Carbonized plant remains from an area are ud to ttle the age of animal remains located in the same area.
7.According to paragraph3,which of the following do archeologist consider to be a strong indicator that an agricultural economy existed in a particular site?
A.An unusually high number of animal remains near the surface of the site.
B.Remains of domesticated plants in the teeth of animals
C.High numbers of mineral particles inside carbonized plants
D.Evidence of little vegetation change for long periods of time
Paragraph4
Human bodies are also valuable sources of information for archaeologists, particularly if the bodies are well prerved.For example,eleven naturally mummified bodies were found in beach sand in northern Chile and date to about1000 B.C.When they were analyzed,it was found that one of them was a coca leaf chewer (the earliest known),while other bodies showed the changes of the bones of
the inner ear that are characteristic of people who spend a lot of time diving in cold water.In addition,they had the kinds of dental problems and missing teeth associated with the sticky starches of an agricultural diet—although about40percent of their diet came from marine resources.
8.According to paragraph4,all of the following were true of some people in northern Chile around1000B.C.EXCEPT:
A.They were divers.
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B.They chewed coca leaves.
C.They had dental problems caud by eating food from marine resources.
D.They ate plants grown on land.
9.The word“characteristic”in the passage is clost in meaning to
C.suggestive
D.destructive
Paragraph5
A rapidly growing technical specialty within archaeology is geoarchaeology,which combines archaeological and geological analys.Geology and archaeology form a natural marriage in many obvious ways becau both disciplines are concerned with the alteration of natural landscapes.Glaciers,changing rainfall patterns,and many other natural forces cau changes to landscapes,and of cour,so do people. Geologists are broadly concerned with ancient physical environments,and archaeologists require knowledge of the environments to interpret their finds.
1.The word“alteration”in the passage is clost in meaning to
A.destruction
B.prervation光信息科学与技术就业前景
C.authenticity
Paragraph6
Geoarchaeological analys involve many different kinds of questions and techniques. In the Egyptian Delta region,for example,many of the earliest communities were built on large sand-and-gravel mounds created by the Nile River as it deposited the diments it carried.But many of the communities have been buried under many meters of diments from numerous ancient floods since that time and by other factors as well.Moreover,the streams feeding into the Nile River in the delta have changed cour many times,leaving a maze of crisscrosd buried river channels.Finding the buried sand-and gravel mounds and the archaeological sites on them often requires complex geological analys involving special digging,satellite image analysis,and many other techniques.
2.The purpo of paragraph6is to
A.answer questions about the equipment and techniques ud in the Egyptian Delta area
B.describe the earliest communities built on large,sand=and-gravel mounds
D.provide an example of a situation where complex archaeological analys and techniques are necessary
12.According to paragraph6,what is one reason that complex geological analys are needed for locating many of the earliest Nile River communities?
A.Flood waters can carry evidence of human habitation far from its place of origin.
B.The streams associated with early communities have changed cour over time.
C.More recent communities have been built on top of ancient communities
D.The types of diments carried by Nile floods have changed since ancient times.
13.Look at the four squares[⏹]that indicate where the following ntence could be added to the passage.
Such a variety of methods are especially important at sites that are no longer visible on the surface.
Where would the ntence best fit?
Geoarchaeological analys involve many different kinds of questions and techniques.
⏹In the Egyptian Delta region,for example,many of the earliest communities were built on large sand-and-gravel mounds created by the Nile River as it deposited the diments it carried.⏹But many of the communities have been buried under many meters of diments from numerous ancient floods since that time and by other factors as well.⏹Moreover,the streams feeding into the Nile River in the delta have changed cour many times,leaving a maze of crisscrosd buried river channels.⏹Finding the buried sand-and gravel mounds and the archaeological sites on them often requires complex geological analys involving special digging,satellite image
analysis,and many other techniques.
14.Directions:An introductory ntence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.Complete the summary by lecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some ntences do not belong in the summary becau the express ideas that are not prented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth2points.
Archaeological analysis begins with an effort to reconstruct the physical world of the culture being an
alyzed.
A.Studying plant and animal remains can reveal details of ancient climates,food sources,and agricultural activities.
B.Once identified,carbonized plant remains can help modern agriculturalists determine the most stable varieties of plants to grow.
C.To help understand the physical world of ancient communities,archaeologists may work with geologists and employ complex new techniques.
D.Faunal analysis deals mainly with analyzing the tools ancient humans ud for hunting and killing animals.
E.An examination of human remains can tell archaeologists about such things as the individual’s diet and habits.
F.Geoarchaeology,a growing field within archaeology,has proved to be more effective in explaining the alterations made to natural landscapes than in explaining how members of ancient communities lived.
Water Supply in Venice
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The city of Venice,built on saltwater marshes and crisscrosd by canals,experienced problems with its water supply for most of its history.One fifteenth-century French traveler noted that“in a city”in which the inhabitants are in water up to their mouths, they often go thirsty“How was the community to solve this important problem?
1.Why does the author include the quotation“in a city in which the inhabitants are in water up to their mouths,they often go thirsty”?
A.To indicate that the French traveled to Venice frequently in the fifteenth century.
B.To illustrate the opinion of other Europeans about the water situation in Venice
C.To suggest that the water supply problem of Venice continued well beyond the fifteenth century.
D.To emphasize how rious the water problem was in Venice.
Paragraph2
Water drawn from the lagoon(the large,shallow body of water between Venice and the Mediterranean Sea)and the canals within the city rved many domestic us such as washing and cooking inventories of even the most modest houholds list large numbers of buckets,which were emptied and rind,the ones ud to carry the brackish(somewhat salty)canal water were kept parate from tho intended for
