托福阅读文章结构划分最全解读
托福阅读如何才能快速又高效呢?本文将详细解答托福阅读文章的结构划分，帮助正在备考托福中认为托福阅读索然无趣的同学，快速找到解答托福阅读的方法。
中英文对照托福阅读文章结构划分 最全解读
在官方指南当中，ETS给出了托福阅读的常见四种结构，下面我们就来分别看一看：
第一种，因果类文章结构，也就是全文都是围绕着某个现象进行解释。典型文章dert formation，在文章开头的第一段就出现这样的内容：The derts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The expansion of dert-like conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called dertification. 首先对沙漠的现状进行了描述，紧接着就赶紧扣题下定义，告诉我们什么是沙漠化。现象交代完了之后，出题段的第三段就迅速展开了原因的描述，我们发现第三段和第五段开头分别是这样的：Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb su
bstantial quantities of water. 以及There is little doubt, however, that dertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural process.这样就交代了两个原因，分别是loss of vegetation和soil’s ability to absorb water. 同学们读到这里就要开始有预判断了，预料下面是否开始说一些其他的原因呢?带着这样的疑问去看，发现第六段说的是：Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the dertification process: overcultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and overirrigation. 第九段针对overirrigation展开论述。果然是另外的沙漠化的原因，接着第十段就是对沙漠化的前景进行展望。至此整篇文章的结构就很清楚了。了解了文章的结构对于接下来的文章会有预判断，读起来就会前后连贯，会有效减少文章阅读的心理难度。
第二种文章结构是分类，最典型的例子就是aggression。开头第一段交代了When one animal attacks another, it engages in the most obvious example of aggressive behavior. Psychologists have adopted veral approaches to understanding aggressive behavior in people. 于是我们大概知道文章是对aggression的研究方法进行阐述，果然文章非常清楚地用黑体字标注出了三种研究方法，分别是The Biological Approach和The Psychodynamic Approach以及The Cognitive Approach.至此文章结构一目了然，我们很清楚知道文章分成
了三个部分，每一部分之间是并列关系。最为典型的是artisan and industrialization. 整篇文章也是分为了两个部分，前两段都在说手工作坊时代的生产方法，从第三段开始介绍机器大工业生产的情况以及带来的工人罢工。虽然整篇文章共有6段，但是我们如果可以判断出文章的结构就可以轻易地将文章分为两个部分，而且两部分之间还是比较对比的关系，就将一篇长文章读短了，降低阅读难度。
最后一种文章结构是问题解决方法型，典型文章是Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer，前四段介绍了Ogallala含水层的发现以及使用过度带来的问题，后两段就开始介绍治理的方法。这种文章的结构不如因果类的明显，但是也可以通过这样的思路将文章前后串起来，降低阅读难度。
当然，随着官方真题Official的不断更新，越来越多的文章结构开始出现，比如时间顺序，或者一篇文章中出现多种文章结构杂糅，无论是何种样貌出现，同学们都要能够将作者的写作思路找出来，将文章展现的散落一地的珍珠串成更易于佩戴的珍珠项链。这样在做题目的时候就更加成竹在胸，也会觉得眼前的文章不再冗长地让人烦躁。
the day after tomorrow
exact托福阅读：指代题型举例分析
mtm
无论是OG还是Delta，都把阅读的题目分成十类，即：Understanding Facts and Details, Identifying Negative Facts, Locating Referents, Understanding Vocabulary in Context, Making Inferences, Determining Purpos, Recognizing Paraphras(Simplifying ntences), Recognizing Coherence(Sentence inrting), Summarizing Important Ideas and Organizing information.
还有很重要的一点，做题的时候，无论考试还是练习，不光要分析对的选项为什么对，更要分析错的选项为什么错。有时候分析错误的原因更为重要。有助于你把握出题的思路，培养感觉。这是非常有用的。四级听力真题下载>z开头的英文名
三、指代定位
顾名思义，这种题是要问考生文中的代词具体指代的是什么丁冬，说专业点叫做先行词antecedent.基本可以分为四类。第一是人称代词或者物主代词，如I，you，our，mine;第二类是从句中的引导词，如what，which，who;第三类是指示代词，this，that(包括其指示的名词，如问this reason， that purpo之类的);第四类是其他的代词，all，most，some，many，the former，the latter之类。代词需要遵循的首要原则是就近原则。从前面
找离它较近的那个词。找到以后把意义代回到原句中看合适不合适就可以了。OG还特别强调了，注意先行词和代词必须人称、单复数一致。总体来说这种题难度都不大。
用OG上的几个例子说明：
先行词，先行词，顾名思义，一般应该在代词前面。根据就近原则就找出来postal rvice.代回去看看合适不合适，A，distribution有65个office;B销售有65个office，C报纸有65个office，D，邮政服务有65个office.其他几个都太荒诞了。这种题难度相对不大，也就不多说了。
起飞英语
order托福阅读真题1
socksonline
Often enough the craft worker's place of employment in ancient Greece was t in rural isolation. Potter, for instance, found it convenient to locate their workshops near their source of clay, regardless of its relation to the center of ttlement. At Corinth and Athens, however, two of the best-known potters' quarters were situated on the cities' outskirts, and potters and makers of terra-cotta figurines were also established well within
the city of Athens itlf. The techniques of pottery manufacture had evolved well before the Greek period, but marked stylistic developments occurred in shape and in decoration, for example, in the interplay of black and other glazes with the red surface of the fired pot. Athenian black-figure and red-figure decoration, which emphasized human figures rather than animal images, was adopted between 630 and 530 B.C.; its distinctive color and luster were the result of the skillful adjustments of the kiln's temperature during an extended three-stage period if firing the clayware. Whether it was the potters or the va-painters who initiated changes in firing is unclear, the functions of making and decorating were usually divided between them, but neither group can have been so specialized that they did not share in the concerns of the other.
The broad utility of terra-cotta was such that workers in clay could generally afford to confine themlves to either decorated ware and houwares like cooking pots and storage jars or building materials like roof tiles and drainpipes. Some sixth- and fifth-century B.C. Athenian pottery establishments are known to have concentrated on a limited range of fine ware, but a rural pottery establishment on the island of Thasos produ
ced many types of pottery and roof tiles too, presumably to meet local demand. Molds were ud to create particular effects for some products, such as relief-decorated vesls and figurines; for other products such as roof tiles, which were in some quantity, they were ud to facilitate mass production. There were also a number of poor-quality figurines and painted pots produced in quantity by easy, inexpensive means — as numerous featureless statuettes and unattractive cas testify.
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