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必修5 Unit 1
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jokesJOHH SHOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”
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John Snow was a famous doctor in London - so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people expod to cholera. This was the deadly dia of its day. Neither its cau nor its cure was understood. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem. He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cau was found.日语学学习
He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people. The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims. The cond suggested that people absorbed this dia into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the dia quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.
John Snow suspected that the cond theory was correct but he needed evidence. So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready to begin his enquiry. As the dia spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods, he began to gather information. In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so vere that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why.日本女孩节
First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived. This gave him a valuable clue about the cau of the dia. Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers 16, 37, 38 and 40). He also noticed that some hous (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. He had not foreen this, so he made further investigations. He discovered that the people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump. It emed that the water was to blame.
Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for the two streets. He found that
it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London. He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be ud. Soon afterwards the dia slowed down. He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.
In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak. A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her hou every day. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.
To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined. The water companies were instructed not to expo people to polluted water any more. Finally "King Cholera" was defeated.
COPERNICUS’ REVOLUTIONRRY THEORY家眷的意思
2020年12月四级真题第一套
Nicolaus Copernicus was frightened and his mind was confud. Although he had tried to ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion: that the earth was not the centre of the solar system. Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make n. Yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea. They believed God had made the world and for that reason the earth was special and must be the centre of the solar system.
The problem aro becau astronomers had noticed that some planets in the sky emed to stop, move backward and then go forward in a loop. Others appeared brighter at times and less bright at others. This was very strange if the earth was the centre of the solar system and all planets went round it.
网上免费学英语口语 Copernicus had thought long and hard about the problems and tried to find an answer. He had collected obrvations of the stars and ud all his mathematical knowledge to explain them. But only his new theory could do that. So between 1510 and 1514 he worked on it, gradually improving his theory until he felt it was complete.
In 1514 he showed it privately to his friends. The changes he made to the old theory were revolutionary. He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth. He also suggested that the earth was spinning as it went round the sun and this explained changes in the movement of the planets and in the brightness of the stars. His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas, but Copernicus was cautious. He did not want to be attacked by the Christian Church, so he only published it as he lay dying in 1543.
