《西方经济学》电子教案
CONTENTS目录
Chapter 1 Introduction 导言 (1)
1.1What Is Economics?经济学是什么？ (1)
1.2The Production Possibility Frontier生产可能性边界 (4)
Chapter 2 Demand and Supply 供给与需求 (5)
2.1 Demand 需求 (5)
2.2 Supply 供给 (6)
2.3 Equilibrium 均衡 (7)
Chapter 3Elasticity弹性 (9)
3.1 Elasticity of Demand 需求弹性 (9)
3.2 Elasticity of Supply 供给弹性 (11)
3.3 Application of Elasticity 弹性的应用 (11)
Chapter 4 Consumer Choices 消费者选择 (12)
4.1 Utility Theory 效用理论 (12)
4.2 Indifference Curve Analysis 无差异曲线分析 (13)
Chapter 5 Production Theory 生产理论 (14)
5.1 Production in Short Run and Long Run 短期和长期生产 (14)
5.2 Business Organization 生产组织 (15)
Chapter 6 Cost Analysis 成本分析 (17)
6.1 Cost Analysis in Short Run 短期成本分析 (17)
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6.2 Cost Analysis in Long Run 长期成本分析 (18)
Chapter 7 The Date of Macroeconomics 宏观经济数据 (20)
7.1 Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值 (20)
7.2 Price Level 价格水平 (21)
Chapter 8 Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply 总需求和总供给 (23)
8.1 Aggregate Demand 总需求 (23)
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vegas8.2 Aggregate Supply 总供给 (23)
8.3 Macroeconomic Equilibrium 宏观经济均衡 (24)
Chapter 9 Saving and Investment 储蓄与投资 (25)
blossom什么意思
9.1 Saving 储蓄 (25)
the rock9.2 Investment 投资 (25)
Chapter 10 Fiscal Policy 财政政策 (26)
10.1 Aggregate Production and Expenditures 总产出和总支出 (26)
10.2 Multiplier 乘数 (27)
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10.3 Fiscal Policy 财政政策 (27)
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Chapter 11 Money and Finance 货币与金融 (29)
11.1 Money 货币 (29)
11.2 Finance Market 金融市场 (29)
11.3 Financial Intermediaries Market 金融中介市场 (30)
Chapter 12 Money Policy 货币政策 (31)
12.1 The Federal Rerve System 联邦储备体系 (31)
12.2 Money Market 货币市场 (31)
Chapter 13 International Trade 国际贸易 (33)
Chapter 14International Finance国际金融 (35)
References 参考文献 (36)
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rtm是什么意思
Chapter 1Introduction导言
Why economics is important? Economics arms us with a very powerful t of conceptual and problem solving tools. When you learn economics, you will learn a skill that will help you enormously in both your personal and professional life.
普希金的资料为什么经济学重要？这是因为经济学为我们提供了一系列的强有力的概念和解决问题的工具。当你学习经济学时，你将学到一些技能，这些技能对你的个人和职业生涯会有巨大的帮助。
1.1What Is Economics?经济学是什么？
Definition of Economics经济学的定义
The word economy comes from a Greek word for “one who manages a houhold.” What is economics? Economics is the study of how societies choo to u scarce productive resources that have alternative us, to produce commodities of various kinds, and to distribute them among different groups. We study economics to understand not only the world we live in but also the many potential worlds that reformers are constantly proposing to us.
经济一词来源于希腊语，意思是“管理家庭的人”。什么是经济学？经济学是研究社会如何进行选择，以利用具有多种用途的、稀缺的生产资源来生产各种商品和服务，并将它们在不同的人群中间进行分配的学科。我们研究经济学不仅旨在理解我们生活于其间的现实世界，而且旨在理解那些改革者们不断倡导的拥有许多可能性的世界。Microeconomics and Macroeconomics微观经济学和宏观经济学
The word micro means small, and microeconomics focus on the behavior of individual markets and the smaller individual units. The word macro means big or large, and macroeconomics is the study of the effects on the national and global economy of the choices that individuals, business, and governments make.
微观一词的含意是小，微观经济学关注单个的市场和较小的个体单位的行为。宏观一词的含意是大或巨大，宏观经济学是研究个人、企业和政府的选择对国家和全球经济的影响。
Positive and Normative S tatements实证表述与规范表述
Positive statements are statements that describe the world as it is. It is called descriptive analysis. For example, an increa in the minimum wage will cau a decrea in employment among the least－skilled. Higher federal budget deficits will cau interest rates to increa.
实证表述描述世界是什么，又被称为描述性分析。例如，提高最低工资水平会导致最低技能工人的就业减少。较高的联邦赤字水平会导致利率上升。
Normative statements are statements about how the world should be. It is called prescriptive analysis. For example, the income gains from a higher minimum wage are worth more than any
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slight reductions in employment. State governments should be allowed to collect from tobacco companies the costs of treating smoking related illness among the poor.
规范表述描述世界应当是什么，又被称为命令性分析。例如，提高最低工资水平得到的利益比由此带来的稍微的就业减少造成的损失大。应该允许州政府向烟草公司收取费用，用于治疗穷人当中与吸烟有关的疾病。
Ceteris Paribus, the Post Hoc Fallacy, and the Fallacy of Composition其他因素不变，后此谬误与合成谬误
Ceteris paribus or “other things being equal” is the logic that econom ists try to isolate cau and effect relationship by changing only one variable at a time, and hold all other relevant factors unchanged.
其他因素不变是经济学家区分原因和结果关系的一种逻辑方法，即仅改变一个变量，同时保持所有其他因素不变。
The post hoc fallacy means “after this, therefore becau of this”。The error of reasoning is that a first event caus a cond event becau the first occurs before the cond.
后此谬误的意思是指“两件事先后发生，因此，前者就是后者的原因”。因果错误是指第一件事导致第二件事仅仅是因为第一件事发生在第二件事之前。
The fallacy of composition is the fal statement that what is true for the parts is true for the whole or what is true for the whole is true for the parts.新概念英语第二册听力下载
合成谬误是一种错误性的表述，即对部分而言是正确的，则对整体也是正确的。或者，对整体而言是
正确的，则对部分也是正确的。
Market, Common, and Mixed Economy市场经济，指令经济与混合经济
A market economy is an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and houholds as they interact in markets for goods and rvices. Houholds decide what to buy and who to work for. Firms decide who to hire and what to produce.
许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时，通过分散决策配置资源的经济就是市场经济。家庭决定购买什么和为谁工作。企业决定雇佣谁和生产什么。
Common economy is that the government makes all the important decisions about production and distribution. The government owns most of the means of production (land and capital). It also owns and directs the operations of enterpris in most industries. It is the employer of most workers and tells them how to do their jobs.
指令经济是政府制定关于生产和分配的所有重要的决策。政府拥有大多数生产工具（土地和资本）。政府拥有并直接指挥多数企业的经营。政府是多数工人的雇主并指挥他们如何工作。
Mixed economy us both market and non-market signals to allocate goods and resources. All socie
ties have different combinations of command and market; all societies are mixed economies.
混合经济使用市场信号和非市场信号来配置商品和服务。所有的社会都是指令与计划的不同组合，所有的社会都是混合经济。
Invisible Hand看不见的手hospitalize
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In the wealth of nations, Smith identified the remarkable efficiency properties of perfectly competitive markets. Using his now famous “invisible hand” analogy, Smith argued that the lf-interested actions of individuals actually guide market outcomes to yield great economic benefits for the broader society.
在国民财富的性质这本书中，亚当·斯密指出完全竞争市场具有显著的效率特征。运用“看不见的手”的原理，亚当·斯密指出个体的利己行为会导致整个社会的经济产出最大化。
Becau houholds and firms look at prices when deciding what to buy and ll, they unknowingly take into account the social costs of their actions. As a result, prices guide decision makers to reach outcomes that tend to maximize the welfare of society as a whole. Adam S mith’s keen insights provi
de an important foundation for many discussions in our study of microeconomics.
由于家庭和企业在决定购买和出售什么时关注价格，所以他们就不知不觉地考虑到了他们的行为的社会收益与成本。结果是，价格指引这些个别决策者在大多数情况下实现了整个社会福利最大化。亚当·斯密敏锐的洞察为微观经济学研究中的很多讨论奠定了坚实的基础。
However, few ctors of the economy fulfill Adam S mith’s vision of a perfectly competitive marketplace delivering goods and rvices at lowest price and highest quality.
然而，经济中的少数部门符合亚当·斯密的完全竞争市场的设想，完全竞争市场提供的产品价格较低，质量较高。
Market and Government Failure市场失灵与政府失灵
Market failure occurs when the market fails to allocate resources efficiently. Market failure may be caud by an externality, which is the impact of one person or firm’s actions on the well-being of a bystander. Examples include air and water pollution. Market failure may be caud by market power, which is the ability of a single person or firm to unduly influence market prices. When the market fails, government can intervene to promote efficiency and equity.
市场失灵是指市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。市场失灵的一个可能原因是外部性。外部性是一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。例如，空气污染和水污染。市场失灵的另一个可能原因是市场势力。市场势力是指一个人或一个企业不适当地影响市场价格的能力。当市场失灵时，政府要干预，以促进效率和公平。
Government failure is government intervention that fails to improve economic outcomes. There is no guarantee that the visible hand of government will be any cleaner than the invisible hand of the marketplace. Government intervention might not only worn the mix of output but even reduce the total amount of output through over-regulation.
政府失灵是指政府干预并不能改善经济产出。无法保证政府的“看得见的手”比市场的“看不见的手”效果更好。政府干预不仅可能使产品组合变差，也可能由于过分管制，导致总产量减少。
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