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Literary Theory and Criticism
Literary theory and literary criticism are interpretive tools that help us think more deeply and insightfully about the literature that we read. Over time, different schools of literary criticism have developed, each with its own approaches to the act of reading.
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Schools of Interpretation
Cambridge School (1920s–1930s): A group of scholars at Cambridge University who rejected historical and biographical analysis of texts in favor of clo readings of the texts themlves.
translate google comChicago School (1950s): A group, formed at the University of Chicago in the 1950s, that drew on Aristotle’s distinctions between the various elements within a narrative to analyze the relation between form and structure. Critics and Criticisms: Ancient and Modern (1952) is the major work of the Chicago School.
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Deconstruction (1967–prent): A philosophical approach to reading, first advanced by Jacques Derrida that attacks the assumption that a text has a single, stable meaning. Derrida suggests that all interpretation of a text simply constitutes further texts, which means there is no “outside the text” at all. Therefore, it is impossible for a text to have stable meaning. The practice of deconstruction involves identifying the contradictions within a text’s claim to have a single, stable meaning, and showing that a text can be taken to mean a variety of things that differ significantly from what it purports to mean.
Feminist criticism (1960s–prent): An umbrella term for a number of different critical approaches that ek to distinguish the human experience from the male experience. Feminist critics draw attention to the ways in which patriarchal social structures have marginalized women and male authors have exploited women in their portrayal of them. Although feminist criticism dates as far back as Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) and had some significant advocates in the early 20th century, such as Virginia Woolf and Simone de Beauvoir, it did not gain widespread recognition as a theoretical and political movement until the 1960s and 1970s.
Psychoanalytic criticism: Any form of criticism that draws on出国留学的费用 psychoanalysis, degeneresthe practice of analyzing the role of unconscious psychological drives and impuls in shaping human behavior or artistic production. The three main schools of psychoanalysis are named for the three leading figures in developing psychoanalytic theory: Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Jacques Lacan.
∙Freudian criticism (c. 1900–prent): The view of art as the imagined fulfillment of wishes that reality denies. According to Freud, artists sublimate their desires and translate their imagined wishes into art. We, as an audience, respond to the sublimated wishes that we share with the artist. Working from this view, an artist’s biography becomes a uful tool in interpreting his or her work. “Freudian criticism” is also ud as a term to describe the analysis of Freudian images within a work of art.
∙Jungian criticism (1920s–prent): A school of criticism that draws on Carl Jung’s theory of the collective unconscious, a rervoir of common thoughts and experiences that all cultures share. Jung holds that literature is an expression of the main themes of the colle
ctive unconscious, and critics often invoke his work in discussions of literary archetypes.
∙Lacanian criticism (c. 1977–prent): Criticism bad on Jacques Lacan’s view that the unconscious, and our perception of ourlves, is shaped in the “symbolic” order of language rather than in the “imaginary” order of prelinguistic thought. Lacan is famous in literary circles for his influential reading of Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Purloined Letter.”
revenge美剧Marxist criticism: An umbrella term for a number of critical approaches to literature that draw inspiration from the social and economic theories of Karl Marx. Marx maintained that material production, or economics, ultimately determines the cour of history, and in turn influences social structures.The social structures, Marx argued, are held in place by the dominant ideology, which rves to reinforce the interests of the ruling class. Marxist criticism approaches literature as a struggle with social realities and ideologies.
∙Frankfurt School (c. 1923–1970): A group of German Marxist thinkers associated with the Institute for Social Rearch in Frankfurt. The thinkers applied the principles of Marxism to a wide range of social phenomena, including literature. Major members of the
Frankfurt School include Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Walter Benjamin, Herbert Marcu, and Jürgen Habermas.
New Criticism (1930s–1960s): Coined in John Crowe Ransom’s The New Criticism (1941), this approach discourages the u of history and biography in interpreting a literary work. Instead, it encourages readers to discover the meaning of a work through a detailed analysis of the text itlf. This approach was popular in the middle of the 20th century, especially in the United States, but has since fallen out of favor.
New Historicism (1980s–prent):expire An approach that breaks down distinctions between “literature” and “historical context” by examining the contemporary production and reception of literary texts, including the dominant social, political, and moral movements of the time. Stephen Greenblatt is a leader in this field, which joins the careful textual analysis of New Criticism with a dynamic model of historical rearch.
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