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无动词分句(VERSLESS CLAUSE)是一种省略了主语和谓语动词的分句结构。这种结构通常出现在句首,也可出现在其他位置。它的被省略的主语通常也就是主句的主语;被省略的动词通常是连系动词be,因此无动词分句就其深层结构来说大多属于SVC句型。例如:
Clo to the urban areas,this farm mainly does market gardening.由于靠近市区,这个农场主要生产商品蔬菜。
A science reporter,Jim has a wide range of knowledge.吉姆是一位科学新闻记者,所以知识面广。
在这里,Clo to the urban areas=As it is clo to the urban areas;A sciencereporter=As he is a science reporter,都是一种省略结构。
一、无动词分句的类型
无动词分句,就其结构形式来说,分为以下三类:
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1.不带从属连词的无动词分句
这类无动词分句通常只由形容词词组或名词词组构成。例如:
Speechless,Henry nodded and sat on a folding at.亨利一言不发,点点头,坐在折椅上。
Anxious for a quick decision,the chairman called for a vote.主席急于迅速作出决定,便提交表决。
Ture or not,the report provided new ammunition for his enemies.不管是真是假,这个报告都为他的敌人们提供了新的炮弹。
An excellent speaker,he was never at a loss for a word.作为一位卓越的演讲家,他从来不会无话可说。either
2.带从属连词的无动词分句
能引导无动词分句的从属连词有:when(ever),while,wherever,whether…or,although,though,as if,even if,once,unless,until,however,no matter what等。例如:
When still a boy of six,Bob was nt away from home.当鲍还是个六龄儿童的时候,就被打发出门。
ALthough a physicist by training,he became a great statesman.他虽是物理学家出身,却成为伟大的政治家。
Whether right or wrong,he always comes off worst in an argument.不管有理无理,他在辩论中总是受挫。
You should not drink very cold water while hot from work.因劳动而浑身发热的时候你不应该喝凉水。
这类无动词分句还可以是“从属连词+介词词组”,或者“从属连词+副词词组”。例如:
When in Rome,do as the Romans do.入乡随俗。
He spoke ungraciously if not rudely.他讲话的口气尽管不算粗鲁却也没有礼貌。
Judges however wi or eminent,are human and can make mistakes.法官们尽管聪明
睿智,毕竟是人,还是可能出错的。
bale3.带有自身主语的无动词分句
以上两类无动词分句均以主句主语作为自己的逻辑主语,从而不须表示出来。带主语的无动词分句便成为一种所谓的“独立结构”。例如:
Two hundred people died in the accident,many of them children.两百人在事故中丧生,其中大多数是儿童。expected是什么意思
Miriam looked at Harry,his eyes full of doubt and discomfort.米里安看着哈利,带着怀疑和不快的目光。
He looked up,annoyance on his face.他抬起头来,面有愠色。
Breakfast over he went to his counting hou.早餐后,他走进会计室。
带主语的无动词分句有时并不与主句的主语发生关系,而是与宾语发生关系。例如:
She talked about her friends,all of them television stars.她谈论她的朋友们,尽是些电视明星。
I don't wish to describe his asrtions,some of them offensive.我不愿细谈他的主张,有些主张令人反感。
二、无动词分句的句法功能
无动词分句在句中主要作状语和名词修饰语,相当于状语分句和关系分句。
1.无动词分句作状语
无动词分句的主要功能是起各种状语分句的作用,比如表示原因:
A man of integrity,he would keep his word,I am certain.他是一位正直的人,我肯定他会信守诺言。
The men stared at the floor,too nervous to reply.他们太紧张了,呆呆地看着地板,无言以对。
表示条件:
Once conscious of an infringement of his rights,he always protested to themanager.一旦感到他的权利受到侵犯,他总是要向经理提出抗议。
实词和虚词
It has little taste unless hot.除非烧热,这东西几乎没有什么味道。
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表示让步:
Though alone,he was not lost.尽管孤独,他并无失落感。
His salary was good,if not up to his expectations.他的薪水不低,尽管没有达到他期望的水平。
表示时间:
You must eat it when fresh.
Ripe(=When ripe),the apples are sweet.当这些苹果成熟时,味甜。
表示地点:
Wherever possible,all moving parts should be tested.所有可以移动的部件都应尽可能加以检验。游戏名字大全2013最新版的
The cardboard is light-proof where thick.这种纸板在较厚的部位上是不透光的。
表示行为方式或伴随状况:
There he stood,a tray in each hand.他站在那里,一手端着一个盘子。
Stone-faced,the captain ordered to reduce speed.船长脸色严峻,下令减速。
2.无动词分句作名词修饰语
无动词分句作名词修饰语是对所修饰的名词词组作一些补充说明。在作这种用法时,无动词分句相当于一个非限制性关系分句。例如:
The castle,now empty,was allowed to fall into ruin.那城堡,如今四壁萧然,早已被人遗弃,任其坍圮。
His hands,numb from the cold,could not find the key.他的手冻僵了,摸不到钥匙。
在上述第一例中,now empty=which is now empty;第二例中,numbfrom the cold=which were numb from the cold.可是,这类结构到底是无动词分句还是形容词词组似乎并无绝对界限,然而在用作状语的情况下,无动词分句和形容词词组或名词词组是截然有别的。
communicator英语的修辞可以分为消极修辞和积极修辞两大类。
一、 消极修辞(Passive Rhetoric Techniques)
它主要指那些没有相对固定格式的修辞性写作技巧,它与语法、语言结构和词汇的关系密切,只是为了修辞和立意新颖的缘故,对之做了一些调整。举一种情况进行说明:为了增加文采,强化文章的表现力,常常避免重复使用同一个词汇,而另选他词。这种无固定格式可循的消极修辞手段被称为Elegant Variation(求雅换词)。如在Elizabeth Razzi写的题为10 Ways to Lo Pounds 的文章中,“减肥”的表达竟有8种,文笔活泼,文采灿然:1. Try to shed a few extra pounds? 2. Studies show the efforts may shave off the pounds
surefirequickly. 3. Here are ten simple strategies that can help melt away your fat forever. 4. …like a logical way to peel off a few pounds. 5. …roughly the amount needed to burn off one pound. 6. You must eat less to lo weight. 7. A key obstacle to dropping extra pounds is after-dinner snacking. 8. 10 Ways to Lo Pounds. 以上8句中的斜体字让我们欣赏了英语词汇的活力与风采。遗憾的是,大部分精彩的用词不能直译。
求雅换词的手法之一是大字小用,或小词大用。如:Don’t take the low-fat label as a licen to eat. 句子写得精彩,最难忘的是其中licen一词。它是用途很广的大词。用在这里给人一种“头小帽大”的感觉,新颖别致。译文很难挽留此韵。(不能因为食品标明低脂肪,而敞开食用。)再如:If the term sounds unscientific to 20th-century ears, let us remember there is a definite connection between marshy lands and malaria… (如果这个术语对生活在20世纪的人听来不科学的话,那就让我们记住在沼泽地和疟疾之间有一定的联系……)。求雅换词的手法之二是科技词汇和日常用词的“错位”。如:Na?ve rats and frogs are said to have reacted wildly to such propod experimented situation. Na?ve用于现代生物学时的含义为:not previously subjected to experimentation or a particular experimented situation.(据说,首次用来作实验的鼠和蛙对这种设定的环境改变都有剧烈
反应。)再如:However, there are plenty of people who like tennis. It is the megagame. Mega的含义是兆,百万,是一个科技英语的词缀。使用在这里新义溢出。(但是许许多多的人喜欢网球,这是一项十分普及的运动。)
二、 积极修辞(Active Rhetoric Techniques)
它主要指那些有相对固定格式的修辞性写作技巧。常见分类如下: