RosaParksMotherofCivilRightsMovement罗莎·帕克斯
Standing up for equality by sitting down
kind of>卸妆凝胶 Rosa Parks is a courageous woman and true American hero becau she was the first to stand up against5 the racial6 and social injustices that were still taking place due to Jim Crow legislation7 in the south during the 1950s. Jim Crow made sure that schools, parks, playgrounds, restaurants, hotels, public transportation, theaters, restrooms, drinking fountains8, and so on were all gregated, or racially parated. This meant that African Americans could only u facilities9 that were labeled “Colored Only”.
On the historical day of December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was tired and on her way home from a long day at work. With a bag of groceries in her arms, she boarded the Cleveland Avenue bus. Soon the “White Section” of the bus filled up and a white man boarded the bus and looked around for a at. Due to Montgomery gregation laws, the bus drivers were to designate10 the front part of the bus for whites and the rear ction for blacks, therefore creating an imaginary11 color line. However, they were not suppod to move the color line
to the back of the bus and take ats away from blacks. Noticing the white man, the bus driver then yelled at12 four blacks, including Parks, to get up and move to the back of the bus. All of them but Parks obeyed. When she refud, the bus driver called the police. By around six o’clock, she was arrested and taken to jail. The next day, her husband went to pick up her from the jail after paying a big price for her freedom.
Rosa Parks stated once in an interview that “People always say that I didn’t give up my at becau I was tired, but that isn’t true. I was not tired physically, or no more tired than I usually was at the end of a working day. No, the only tired I was, was tired of giving in.”
The Montgomery bus boycott13
Rosa Parks’ refusal to give up her at inspired the young pastor14, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. to help form the Montgomery Improvement Association. The association organized a boycott of the city-owned bus company.
Black leaders urged black people to boycott, or refu to u the bus in Montgomery. Martin Luther King Jr. led the peaceful boycott. Though originally scheduled15 for only one day, the boycott lasted 381 days. At the time, blacks made up about two-thirds of Montgomery’s bus riders.
People walked many miles to work or home to avoid using the bus and the bus companies lost around US$3,000 each day. The U.S. Supreme Court finally ruled that Montgomery could no longer have a gregated public transportation system becau it violated the Constitution. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 required that all public facilities across the country be degregated16.
Mother of the Civil Rights Movement
Parks was born on Feb. 4, 1913, in Tuskegee, Alabama. Her father was a carpenter and her mother was a teacher. Before Parks became active in the civil rights movement, she was a member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)17 and worked as a amstress.约会进行时
After the Montgomery bus boycott, Parks and her family moved to Detroit, Michigan. She worked for U.S. Reprentative18 John Conyers Jr. until she retired in 1988.
Parks’ example of peaceful and nonviolent protest encouraged a generation to take action to change the nation. Detroit Mayor Kwame Kil Patrick said Parks helped him find success in life. “She stood up by sitting down. I’m only standing here becau of her.”
Her honor
In 1979, Rosa Parks received the Spingarn Medal19. In 1980, at the 25th anniversary20 celebration of the bus boycott, Parks was awarded the Martin Luther King, Jr. Non-violent Peace Prize. In 1984, she was given the Eleanor Roovelt Woman of Courage Award. Rosa Parks was the recipient21 of both the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian22 honor in the United States.
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Mrs. Parks stayed active in her work with the NAACP until a few years before her deat第52届格莱美
h on October 24, 2005 at age 92. Mrs. Parks was the first female to lie in honor in the Capitol Rotunda23, following in the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln, John F. Kennedy and other national leaders. A vintage24 Metropolitan bus dresd in black bunting25 and leading other city bus followed behind the hear26. More than 30 thousand people filed past her casket27 to pay their last respects. Her funeral was held November 2, 2005, a day in which President Bush ordered that flags of all federal buildings were to be flown at half mast28 to honor this quiet lady with the far reaching voice.
大多数历史学家认为美国现代民权运动始于1955年12月1日。那天，阿拉巴马州蒙哥马利市一名默默无闻的缝纫女工在公共汽车内拒绝给一位白人乘客让座。这位勇敢的妇女——罗莎·帕克斯，由于违反市政条例而被捕，并处以罚款，然而她个人的挑战行为却掀起了一场运动，由此终止了美国的种族隔离制度。她的行为鼓舞着世界各地热爱和平的人们。
坐下去，是为了平等地站起来
moore 罗莎·帕克斯是一位勇气专门的女性，她是真正的美国英雄，因为是她第一站起来反对20世纪50年代仍在美国南方盛行的种族和社会不平等的吉姆·克劳法案。该法案规定在学校、
公园、运动场、餐厅、旅社、公交车辆、剧院、洗手间、自动饮水器等公共场所都要实行种族隔离。这就意味着非洲裔美国人只能使用标有“有色人种专用”字样的设施。
在1955年12月1日那个具有历史意义的一天，罗莎·帕克斯终止了漫长一天的辛劳工作，拖着疲乏的身躯踏上了回家之路。她怀抱一大袋杂货登上了一辆开往克利夫兰大道的公共汽车。专门快，车内的“白人区域”坐满了人，这时一名白人男子上车后环视四周，想找一个座位。依照蒙哥马利市的种族隔离法规，公汽司机应将汽车前部定为白人区域，将汽车后部定为黑人区域，从而无形中划分出一条种族分界线。然而，他们不能将界线移到汽车尾部，也不能剥夺黑人的座位。这辆汽车的司机注意到了这名白人男子，因此朝包括帕克斯在内的4名黑人大声喊叫，让他们站起来移到汽车尾部去。除了帕克斯以外，其他几个人都照做了。遭到她的拒绝后，司机报了警。6点钟左右，她被逮捕且关进了监狱。翌日，她的夫君付了一大笔保释金后才将她带出监狱。xes
罗莎·帕克斯曾在一次采访中说：“人们总是说，我不愿让座是因为那天我累了，事实上并非如此。我的躯体并不累，或者不比平常下班的时候累。我只是厌倦了屈服。”
蒙哥马利拒乘公汽运动
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罗莎·帕克斯拒绝让座的举动鼓舞了年轻的牧师小马丁·路德·金博士。在他的关心下，蒙哥马利进步协会成立了。该协会组织了抵制乘坐市政公汽的运动。
