作物学报 ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA 2017， 43（2）： 157-170miranda cosgrove
博客是什么意思http：//zwxb.chinacrops/ ISSN 0496-3490； CODEN TSHPA9 E-mail： xbzw@chinajournal
本研究由国家重点研发计划专项（2016YFD0100300）资助。
The Principal Investigator was supported by the National Rearch and Development Program （2016YFD0100300）.
* 通讯作者（Corresponding author）： 张学勇， E-mail： zhangxueyong@caas
成人高考 政治
Received（收稿日期）： 2016-09-22； Accepted（接受日期）： 2016-11-03； Published online（网络出版日期）： 2016-11-18. URL： http：//wwwki/kcms/detail/11.1809.S.20161118.1356.002.html DOI： 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2017.00157
作物驯化和品种改良所选择的关键基因及其特点
张学勇1，* 马 琳1 郑 军2
1中国农业科学院作物科学研究所， 北京 100081； 2山西省农业科学院小麦研究所， 山西临汾 041000
2010上海高考英语摘 要： 近15～20年作物基因组学迅速发展， 特别是第2代测序技术的普及， 显著降低了测序成本， 使单核苷酸多态性（SNP）分析和单元型区段（也称单倍型区段）分析渗透到生命科学的各个领域， 对系统生物学、遗传学、种质资源学和育种学影响最为深刻， 使其进入基因组学的全新时代。一批驯化选择基因的克隆， 特别是对一些控制复杂性状形成的遗传基础及其调控机制的解析， 更清晰地揭示了作物驯化和品种改良的历史， 提升了人们对育种的认知， 推动育种方法的改进。驯化和育种既有相似之处， 也存在明显的差异。驯化选择常常发生在少数关键基因或位点， 对基因的选择几乎是一步到位； 而现代作物育种虽然只有100年左右的历史， 但其对基因组影响更为强烈， 是一些重要代
谢途径不断优化的过程。随着生态环境或栽培条件的变化， 育种选择目标基因（等位变异）会发生相应的变化或调整， 因此对基因（等位变异）的选择是逐步的。此外， 强烈的定向选择重塑了多倍体物种的基因组， 使其亚基因组与供体种基因组明显不同。在群体水平上， 系统分析驯化和育种在作物基因组和基因中留下的踪迹， 凝炼其中的规律， 将为品种改良和育种提供科学理论和指导， 本文也简要介绍了“十三五”国家重点研发计划专项“主要农作物优异种质资源形成与演化规律”的基本研究思路。
关键词： 作物基因组； 驯化； 育种； 关键基因； 单元型区段
有志者事竟成 英语Characteristics of Genes Selected by Domestication and Intensive Breeding in Crop Plants
wouldyoumind
ZHANG Xue-Yong 1，*， MA Lin 1， and ZHENG Jun 2
快递费 英文1 Institute of Crop Science， Chine Academy of Agricultural Sciences， Beijing 100081， China；
粘着力
2 Wheat Rearch Institute， Shanxi Academy of Agri-cultural Sciences， Linfen 041000， China
wrong的反义词>powerball
Abstract： Crop genomics made great progress in last 15-20 years. Second generation quencing technology has dramatically reduced the cost of genome quencing， brought life science into the times of genomics， and strongly promoted development of system biology， genetics， breeding a
nd genetic resources. Single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） and haplotype block analysis are currently widely ud for exploring animal and plant genetic resources and breeding. Successful isolation of many important genes helps us elucidate the history of crop domestication and breeding， and predict the future of breeding. It has been changing the breeding concepts and strategies. Most crop cultivars ud today have experienced two major steps of harsh artificial lection， i.e.， domestication and breeding. Despite so many similarities between domestication and breeding， they are different in some aspects. Domestication relatively affects small regions of plant genome. The dramatic reduction of diversity is usually caud by bottleneck effect. Although the breeding history is only about 100 years， it has brought tremendous alteration in most crop ge-nomes. Breeding targets much more genes than domestication. It is very difficult for further lection of alleles at domestication targeted locus， usually only one allele is kept， which referred as fixed. However， it is not in the ca of lecting alleles at breeding targeted locus. Few alleles can be prent at the same time in cultivar populations and rotate at the same locus in varieties relead in different periods or regions. Frequency of favored alleles in new cultivars has been incread dramatically becau of positive lection. In addition， strong artificial lection usually reshapes the sub-genomes in polyploid species， which made them quite distinct from donor’s genomes. Therefore， it would be a good strategy to highlight future breeding through elucidating the basic
rule of crop genome and gene in reaction to artificial lection at the targeted regions. Here， we briefly review the current major
