文献出处：Fetscherin M, Alon I, Johnson J P. Asssing the export competitiveness of Chine industries[J]. Asian Business & Management, 2010, 9(3): 401-424.
原文
Asssing the export competitiveness of Chine industries
Marc; Ilan; Johnson
Introduction
免费在线翻译snpCompetitiveness has been assd and studied at various levels: country (Jones, 1994; Murtha and Lenway, 1994; Enright et al , 1999), region (Uysal et al , 2000), industry (Roth and Morrison, 1992; Mitchell et al, 1993; Contractor et al, 2005; Fetscherin and Alon, 2007) and network/group (Peng et al, 2001). Country-level asssments are provided in The Global Competitiveness Report(World Economic Forum, 2008), the World Competitiveness Yearbook(Institute for Management Development, 2008) and elwhere (Eckhard, 2006), but are often too general to be applied to a single country (Krugman, 1994). In contrast, individual company cas and studies are too specific and may not be applicable to an entire industry or to all industries from a single country (Peng et al , 2001). Analyzing c
ompetitiveness at the industry level, however, provides greater detail and a better understanding of the competitive dynamics of an industry than the country or company level, for veral reasons: (i) examining the degree of specialization for a given industry can identify the comparative (dis)advantage of a national industry; (ii) industry-specific analysis permits international comparisons of an industry's degree of specialization and rate of growth; and (iii) an industry-level analysis permits comparisons with other industries.
One dimension of industry competitiveness is export competitiveness. A key indicator of the extent of export competitiveness of an industry is the degree of its participation in international trade. According to data published by the World Trade Organization (WTO, 2007), the volume of world merchandi trade in 2006 grew by 8 per cent to about US$11.8 trillion, compared to world gross domestic product growth of
just 3.5 per cent. In the past two decades, world trade has grown much faster than world GDP, suggesting that the international economy is a source of dynamism and opportunity.
particulars
The theory of comparative advantage (Smith, 1776; Ricardo, 1871; Ohlin, 1933; Heckscher, 1949) underscores the importance of specialization and trade in enhancing productivity and consumer well-
being. Smith (1776) argued that, under free unregulated trade, each nation should specialize in the production of the goods that it can make most efficiently, and import tho goods in which it has a comparative disadvantage. In order to sustain export competitiveness in an industry, companies operating within that industry must understand the concept of revealed comparative advantage, becau it allows them to understand and benchmark their position within an industry in terms of, for example, specialization, growth rate and export market share. How to model the export competitiveness of an industry has hitherto remained unresolved, however, particularly when comparing across industries within one country. The purpo of this article is to prent a framework that measures, illustrates and compares the export competitiveness of an industry compared to other industries from the same country. Although this framework can also be applied to compare a single industry across various countries, cross-country comparison is not the focus of this article.
China‟s globalization has been one of the most dramatic economic evelopments of recent decades (Alon and McIntyre, 2008). During the period 1979–2005, China‟s annual growth rate averaged 9.6 per cent, and its integration into the world trading system has been remarkable. Its share in world merchandi trade incread from less than 1 per cent in 1979 to 7.4 per cent in 2005. In the same year, China became the third largest trading nation after the United States and Germany (Greene et fabrics
al, 2006). The expansion of China‟s international trade has been the key to its rising prominence in the world economy, and China‟s economy has a strong potential to becom e the world‟s top exporter by the beginning of the next decade (Greene et al, 2006). Current
studies investigating and asssing Chine export competitiveness can be grouped into two main rearch streams. One stream focus on the relationship between FDI and China‟s trade performance (for example Liu et al, 2001; Khun and Xing, 2007; Xing, 2007). This is an important topic, and most of the studies u the country as the unit of analysis, although some studies u China‟s provinces. The other stream focus on the export performance of industries (for example Greene et al, 2006; Van Assche et al, 2008). As the unit of analysis of this study is the industry, its contribution is to the cond stream of rearch.
Greene et al (2006) provide an overview of C hina‟s trade policy environment and examine China‟s impact on world prices and the deterioration of its own terms of trade. The study by Van Assche et al (2008) focud on export market share only and concluded that China continues to have a comparative advantage in low-technology activities and a comparative disadvantage in high-technology activities. Our study contributes to this literature by providing a multi-dimensional framework that allows us to measure, identify and compare which Chine industries have a compar
ative advantage/disadvantage, which are growing faster or slower than the world average, and their relative importance in international trade.
priority
Measuring export competitiveness
The industry is the location where firms win or lo market share and it is the industry level that permits an examination of the dynamic nature of industrial evolution and reformation in the global business environment (Pasmard and Kleiner, 2000). In the academic literature, there is still a general paucity of rearch on industry export competitiveness, with previous studies consisting mostly of examinations of a single domestic industry and the u of subjective measures (Makhija et al , 1997). Multiple measures have been suggested: Mandeng (1991) examined the size or increa of export market share, while others have ud export competitiveness (for example Balassa, 1965; Balassa and Bauwens, 1987), price ratios (for example Durand and Giorno, 1987) and cost competitiveness (for example Siggel and Cockburn, 1995). Our conceptualization of export competitiveness attempts to combine appropriate elements
from previous studies and follows the recommendation of Buckley et al (1992) and Porter (1990) for the u of multiple indicators. Specifically, the framework that we prent here contributes to existing
literature as it not only us multi-dimensional measures, but also allows an examination of industry export competitiveness using either an intra- or inter-country analysis. The u of multiple dimensions is superior to the u of single measures as it puts into better perspective an industry's export competitiveness (Balassa Index), dynamism (growth rate) and importance (export market share) in comparison with other industries. For example, an industry that is highly specialized but not important in terms of export market share can be compared with one that might be less specialized but has a larger world export market share. Having only one dimension might lead to a wrong asssment and conclusion. The propod framework tries to address some of tho issues.
hzl
Industry specialization (IS )
The concept of comparative advantage has been widely accepted as one of the foundations for international trade. A country has a pattern of specialization that is determined by what goods it exports and the volume of each good it exports, both of which change over time (Vernon, 1966; Hoskisson and Yiu, 2003; Kelleher, 2003). Krugman (1994) argues that international trade is not a zero-sum game and that the ri or fall of particular industries and nations reflects changing factor endowments and the need to shift to new areas of competitive advantage. When a nation enjoys a comparative advantage in a particular industry, it is natural that firms make investments in order to pr古文翻译在线
ofit from this advantage, resulting in a relatively high degree of specialization within that industry (Dunning, 1993). A commonly ud measure of industry specialization, bad on export data, is revealed comparative advantage, often referred to as the Balassa Index ( BI ) (Balassa, 1965). Richardson and Zhang (1999) ud the Balassa Index for the United States to analyze variations in patterns of trade across time, ctors and regions. They found that patterns differed by region and over time and also for different levels of aggregation of the export data.
Industry growth (IG )
Studies of industry competitiveness have tended to take a static rather than dynamic or longitudinal perspective, and have provided little insight into globalization trends. As we want to asss the past, prent and future export competitiveness of Chine industries, an asssment of industry trends can shed light on the manner in which Chine industry as a whole is globalizing and at what pace (Makhija et al, 1997). Our framework includes industry export growth becau, over time, a country may start to specialize more in some industries and less in others, thus changing its pattern of specialization. This also highlights the difference between dynamic and static industries. Some studies (for example Hinloopen and van Marrewijk, 2001; Alessandrini et al, 2007) measure this change of pattern of specialization by using Shorrocks‟ (1978) mobility index. However, the mobility i
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ndex does not provide sufficiently detailed information, as it just ranks industries or ctors of a country according to export volume, groups them into quintiles and calculates the net change between quintiles; industries that do not have a net change between quintiles are considered to be static rather than dynamic. Other studies (for example Baldwin and Gu, 2004; Amador et al, 2006; Cooper, 2006) have ud a simpler but perhaps more preci measure of changes in specialization by calculating the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of exports in certain ctors over a certain period of time. It can be assumed that export growth in a given industry and country, particularly growth that is higher than the average global industry growth, implies a greater degree of globalization for that industry. However, this measure suffers from the weakness that domestic production and consumption, which are important for competitiveness, are omitted. Nevertheless, given the focus of our framework on export competitiveness, this weakness is not significant. Therefore, we u CAGR as a measure of growth in exports.
dpgMethodology and data collection相约中国梦
We ud data from the UNCTAD and the WTO for the years 2001-2005. The 5-year time period in our data allows for an analysis of changing global dynamics, especially important in the ca of China. During the period of our investigation, China
