无机及分析化学答案(第二版)第一章

更新时间:2023-07-09 18:33:59 阅读: 评论:0

第一章 物质的聚集状态(部分)
1-3.用作消毒剂的过氧化氢溶液中过氧化氢的质量分数为0.030,这种水溶液的密度为1.0gundefinedmLundefined1,请计算这种水溶液中过氧化氢的质量摩尔浓度、物质的量浓度和摩尔分数。
解:1L溶液中,m( H2O2) = 1000mLundefined1.0gundefinedmLundefined1undefined0.030 = 30g
m( H2O) = 1000mLundefined1.0gundefinedmLundefined1undefined(1undefined0.030) = 9.7undefined102g
n( H2O2) = 30g/34gundefinedmoLundefined1=0.88mol
n( H2O) = 970g/18g.undefinedmolundefined1=54mol
b( H2O2)= 0.88mol /0.97kg = 0.91molundefinedkgsoga是什么意思1
c( H2O2)= 0.88mol/1L = 0.88molundefinedLundefined1
x( H2O2) = 0.88/(0.88.+54) = 0.016
1-4.计算5.0%的蔗糖(C12H22O11)水溶液与5.0%的葡萄糖(C6H12O6)水溶液的沸点。
解: b(C12H22O11)=5.0g/(342g.undefinedmolundefined1undefined0.095kg)=0.15molundefinedkg1
b(C6H12O6)=5.0g/(180g.undefinedmolundefined1undefined0.095kg)=0.29molundefinedkg1
蔗糖溶液沸点上升
Tb=Kbb(C12H22O11)= 0.52Kundefinedkgundefinedmolundefined10.15molundefinedkg1=0.078K
蔗糖溶液沸点为:373.15K+0.078K=373.23K
葡萄糖溶液沸点上升
Tb=Kbb(C6H12O6)= 0.52Kundefinedkgundefinedmolundefined10.29molundefinedkgundefined1=0.15K
葡萄糖溶液沸点为:373.15K + 0.15K = 373.30K
1-5.比较下列各水溶液的指定性质的高低(或大小)次序。
(l)凝固点: 0.1molkgundefined1 C12H22O11溶液,0.1molkgundefined1 CH3COOH溶液,0.1molkgundefined1 KCl溶液。
(2)渗透压:0.1molLundefined1 C6H12O6溶液,0.1molLundefined1CaCl2溶液,0.1molLundefined1 KCl溶液,1molLundefined1 CaCl2溶液。(提示:从溶液中的粒子数考虑。)
解:凝固点从高到低:
0.1molkgundefined1 C12H22O11溶液>0.1molkgundefined1 CH3COOH溶液>0.1molkgundefined1 KCl溶液
渗透压从小到大:元宵节 英文
0.1molLundefined1 C6H12O6溶液<0.1molLundefined1 KCl溶液<0.1molLundefined1 CaCl2 溶液<1molLundefined1CaCl2溶液
1-6.在20时,将5.0g血红素溶于适量水中,然后稀释到500mL, 测得渗透压为0.366kPa。试计算血红素的相对分子质量。
解: undefined = cRT
c =undefined/RT = [0.366/(8.314undefined293.15)] molLundefined1 = 1.50undefined10undefined4 molLundefined1
500undefined10undefined3Lundefined1.50undefined10undefined4molLundefined1 = 5.0g/M
M = 6.7undefined104gmolundefined1
1-7.在严寒的季节里为了防止仪器中的水冰结,欲使其凝固点下降到undefined3.00,试问在500g水中应加甘油(C3Hjakeass8O3)多少克?
解: ΔTf = Kf(H2O) undefinedb(C3H8O3)
b(C3H8O3) =Δnude itTf / Kf(H2O)
=[3.00/1.86] molkgundefined1
=1.61 molkgundefined1
m(C3H8O3)=1.61undefined0.500undefined92.09g
=74.1g
1-8.硫化砷溶胶是通过将硫化氢气体通到H3AsO3溶液中制备得到:2H3AsO3 + 3H2S = As2S3 + 6H2O试写出该溶胶的胶团结构式。
解: [(As2S3)mnHSundefined(nx)H+]xxH+
1-9.将10.0mL0.01molLundefined1KCl溶液和100mL0.05mo1Lundefined1AgNO3爱翻译溶液混合以制备AgCl溶胶。试问该溶胶在电场中向哪极运动?并写出胶团结构。
解: AgNO3是过量的,胶团结构为:
[(AgCl)mnAg+undefined(nx)NO3]x+xNO3
1-14.医学上用的葡萄糖(C6H12O6)注射液是血液的等渗溶液,测得其凝固点下降为0.543
(l)计算葡萄糖溶液的质量分数。
iceage(2)如果血液的温度为37, 血液的渗透压是多少?
解:(1) undefinedTf= Kf(H2O)b(C6H12O6)
b(C6H12O6) = Tf/Kf(H2O)
=0.543K/1.86 Kundefinedkgundefinedmolundefined1
=0.292 molkgundefined1
w=0.292undefined180/(0.292undefined180+1000)
= 0.0499
(2) undefined = cRT
marion
= 0.292molundefinedLundefined1undefined8.314kPaundefinedLundefinedmolundefined1undefinedKundefined1undefined(273.15+37)K
=753kPa
1-15.孕甾酮是一种雌性激素,它含有(质量分数)9.5% H10.2% O80.3% C 5.00g苯中含有0.100g的孕甾酮的溶液在5.18时凝固,孕甾酮的相对分子质量是多少?写出其分子式。
解: undefinedTf =Tf undefinedTfundefined=[278.66undefined(273.15+5.18)]K=0.33K
Tf = Kf() undefinedb(孕甾酮)= Kf()m(孕甾酮)/[M(孕甾酮)m()]
M(孕甾酮)= Kf()m(孕甾酮)/[ΔTfm()]
=[5.12undefined0.100/(0.33undefined0.00500)]gundefinedmolundefined1
=3.1undefined102gundefinedmolundefined1
CundefinedHundefinedO =310.30undefined80.3%/12.011 : 310.30undefined9.5%/1.008 : 310.30undefined10.2%/16.00
= 21 : 29 : 2
所以孕甾酮的相对分子质量是3.1undefined102gundefinedmolundefined1分子式是 C21H29O2
1-16.海水中含有下列离子,它们的质量摩尔浓度如下:
b(Cl) = 0.57molkgundefined1b(SO42undefined) = 0.029 molsssrkgundefined1b(HCO3) = 0.002 molkgundefined1 b(Na+) = 0.49 molkgundefined1b(Mg2+) = 0.055 molkgundefined1 b(K+) = 0.011 molkgundefined1 b(Ca2+) = 0.011 molkgundefined1,请计算海水的近似凝固点和沸点。
解: Tf = Kf(H2O) undefinedb
= [1.86 undefined (0.57 + 0.029 + 0.002 + 0.49 + 0.055 + 0.011 +0.011)]K
= 2.17K
Tf = 273.15K –2.17K
= 270.98K
ΔTb=Kb(H2O)·b
= [0.52 undefined (0.57 + 0.029 + 0.002 + 0.49 + 0.055 + 0.011 +0.011)]K
= 0.61K
Tb = 373.15K + 0.61K
= 373.76K
1-17.三支试管中均放入20.00mL同种溶胶。欲使该溶胶聚沉,至少在第一支试管加入0.53mL 4.0 mo1Lundefined1KCl溶液,在第二支试管中加入1.25mL 0.050 mo1Lundefined1Na2SO4溶液,在第三支试管中加入0.74mL 0.0033 mo1Lundefined1Na3PO4溶液, 试计算每种电解质溶液的聚沉值,并确定该溶胶的电性。
解: 第一支试管聚沉值: 4.0undefined0.53undefined1000/(20.00+0.53) =1.0undefined102 (m mo1Lundefined1)
第二支试管聚沉值: 0.050undefined1.25undefined1000/(20+1.25) = 2.9(m mo1Lundefined1)
第三支试管聚沉值: 0.0033undefined0.74undefined1000/(20+0.74)=0.12(m mo1Loilfreeundefined1)
溶胶带正电。
1-18.The sugar fructo contains 40.0% C, 6.7% H and 53.3% O by mass. A solution of
11.7 g of fructo in 325 g of ethanol has a boiling point of 78.59undefinedC. The boiling point of ethanol is 78.35undefinedC, and Kb for ethanol is 1.20 Kkg.molundefined1. What is the molecular formula of fructo?
Solution: Tb=TbTbundefined=[78.59 undefined78.35]K=0.24K
Tb= Kb(ethanol) undefinedb(fructo)= Kb(ethanol)m(fructo)/M(fructo)m(ethanol)
M(fructo)= Kb(ethanol)m(fructo)/Tbm(ethanol)
=[1.20undefined11.7/(0.24undefined0.325)]gundefinedmolundefined1 =180gundefinedmolundefined1
C:H:O =180undefined40%/12.011 : 180undefined6.75%/1.008 : 180undefined53.32%/16.00
= 6 : 12 : 6
Molecular formula of fructo is C6H12O6envelope.
1-19.A sample of HgCl2 weighing 9.41 g is dissolved in 32.75 g of ethanol, C2H5OH. The boiling-point elevation of the solution is 1.27undefinedC. Is HgCI2 an electrolyte in ethanol? Show your calculations. (Kb=1.20Kundefinedkgundefinedmolundefined1)
Solution : If HgCl2 is not an electrolyte in ethanol
b(HgCl2)=[9.41/(271.5undefined0.03275)] molundefinedkgundefined1
=1.05molundefinedkgundefined1
now, undefinedTb= Kb(ethanol)b(HgCl2)
b(HgCl2)= undefinedTb/Kb(ethanol)
= [1.27/1.20] molundefinedkgundefined1
=1.05 molundefinedkgundefined1
Therefore, HgCl2 is not an electrolyte in ethanol.
1-20.Calculate the percent by mass and the molality in terms of CuSO4 for a solution prepared by dissolving 11.5g of CuSO45H2O in 0.1000kg of water. Remember to consider the water relead from the hydrate.

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标签:溶液   溶胶   质量   过氧化氢   沸点   计算   葡萄糖   胶团
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