2014新东方在线考研终极模考
2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
英语
（科目代码：201）
考试时间：下午14:00—17:00
考生注意事项
1、答题前，考生须在答题纸指定位置上填写考生姓名、考场信息及准考证号。
2、答案必须写在答题纸指定位置上，写在其他地方无效。
3、填（书）写必须使用蓝（黑）色字迹钢笔、圆珠笔或者签字笔。
4、考试结束后将答题纸和试题一并装入试题袋中交回。
SectionⅠU of English
Directions:
Read the following text.Choo the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)
What do you think of American health care system?Most people would be1 by the high quality of medicine2to most Americans.There is a lot of specialization,a great deal of3to the individual,a4amount of advanced technical equipment,and5effort not to make mistakes becau of the financial risk which doctors and hospitals must6in the courts if they7things badly.
But the Americans are in a mess.To the problem is the way in8health care is organized and9.10to pubic belief it is not just a free competition system. To the private system has been joined a large public system,becau private care was simply not11the less fortunate and the elderly.
But even with this huge public part of the system,12this year will eat up84. 5billion dollars—more than10percent of the U.S.Budget—a large number of Americans are left13.The include about half the11million unemployed and tho who fail to meet the strict limits14income fixed by a government trying to make savings where it can.
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The basic problem,however,is that there is no central control15the health system.There is no16to what doctors and hospitals charge for their rvices, other than what the public is able to pay.The number of doctors has shot up and prices have climbed.When faced with toothache,a sick child,or a heart attack,all the unfortunate persons concerned can do is to pay17.Two thirds of the population are18by medical insurance.Doctors charge as much as they want19that the insurance company will pay the bill.
The rising cost of medicine in the U.S.A.is among the most worrying problems facing the country.In1981the country’s health bill climbed15.9percent—about twice as fast as prices20general.
1[A]compresd[B]impresd[C]obsd[D]represd
2[A]available[B]attainable[C]achievable[D]amenable
3[A]extension[B]retention[C]attention[D]exertion
4[A]countless[B]titanic[C]broad[D]vast
5[A]intensive[B]absorbed[C]inten[D]concentrated
6[A]run into[B]encounter[C]face[D]defy
7[A]treat[B]deal[C]maneuver[D]handle
8[A]which[B]that[C]what[D]when
9[A]helped[B]financed[C]planned[D]controlled
ordinary day10[A]Contrary[B]Oppod [C]Aver[D]Objected
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11[A]looking for[B]looking into[C]looking after[D]looking over 12[A]which[B]what[C]that[D]it
13[A]over[B]out[C]off[D]away
14[A]for[B]in[C]with[D]on
15[A]over[B]on[C]under[D]behind
assistantmanager16[A]boundary[B]restriction[C]confinement[D]limit
17[A]out[B]for[C]up[D]off网上日语翻译兼职
18[A]discovered[B]covered[C]recovered[D]ranged
19[A]knowing[B]to know[C]they know[D]known
20[A]on[B]with[C]in[D]for
SectionⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(40points)
Text1
Nothing breeds copycats like a successful business venture.When a new business idea is initiated and executed successfully,cloners naturally emerge and imitate.To mitigate the investing risks associated with eroding market opportunities due to copycats,investors always look for companies with strong competitive resilience or tho that are operating in markets with a high barrier to entry.In traditional investing philosophy,the most innovative firms are potentially the most profitable.So,from business books to business schools and corporate boards,everyone is talking about innovation.But,copying others is a reality of doing business.In African open markets, women will switch from lling bananas to lling yams once they notice that their neighbors are making more profits from yams.Even in developed markets like Western Europe and the U.S.,companies copy—though with enough sophistication to avoid legal problems.
Yet,the focus on entrepreneurship training and startup intervention programs has centered on innova
tion.Few people ask entrepreneurs to go out there and copy others. While innovation funds are common,it’s rare to read of imitation funds.Innovation has become a buzzword that connotes respect and profitability.It is en as the agent that will propel a business to success.So,firms are encouraged to invest in R&D to outdo competitors with potentially better products that could win markets and generate better margins.The push to the top of the innovation index means that some companies will try to avoid what others have done—even when others are yielding better results.
Personally,that has always been my way of looking at business—innovate or perish.And I have also supported the notion that innovation is central to economic prosperity.But I experienced a different perspective in Abuja,Nigeria,two months ago
when I visited to keynote a tech conference.A venture capitalist there was esntially running an imitation fund.He invited me to help evaluate potential ideas for investment. Naturally,I was looking for something new,not just in the African context,but globally.I made my recommendations,but the investor rejected all of them.He ranked
iggymy lections low and explained that he was out to make money and was therefore looking for companies that could copy successful global companies and tailor them for
West African markets.It was immaterial whether the ideas were copied or not, provided that the process was lawful.He explained that Nigeria should not be pushing
for innovative startups,but should instead be looking for ways to initiate copycat companies.
I can understand companies copying ideas and adapting them for specific markets.
But the story of this kind challenges that thinking.Imitating others may not offer the
best path to becoming an industry leader.And it’s not without risk.For instance, pioneers can command strong market loyalty that could be difficult for copycats to overcome.Still,startups need to understand that even big companies copy. Entrepreneurs need to think about whether they need to innovate when there are business models that can be copied lawfully.
21.The author mentions the African open markets to illustrate the idea that
[A]copying is also a natural cour of doing business.
[B]investing risks are reduced when startups learn to copy.
[C]the most profitable business are good at copying.
[D]copycats can earn a lot more than business innovators.
22.Traditionally,even when a business model works well,
[A]companies may not necessarily earn money with it.
[B]startups that operate under it may not be innovative.
[C]innovators that invent it may not earn respect and profits.
[D]companies are discouraged from copying this model.
23.The author’s experience in Nigeria caus him to
[A]doubt the way tech conferences are conducted in Africa.
[B]re-evaluate the investments made in the African context.
[C]re-asss his original idea about innovation and copying.
[D]stop pushing for innovation where startups are concerned.
24.Pioneers of innovative ideas can遛狗的英文
[A]adjust their ideas to screen copycats out of their market.
[B]order copycats not to enter the market in which they operate.
[C]keep a stable group of loyal consumers attached to them.
[D]attract customers from copycat companies fairly
easily.
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25.The advice given by the author to startups is [A]"Put loyalty before anything el."[B]"Copy when you cannot innovate."
[C]"Take no risk in copying legal ideas."
[D]"Don’t disgrace your business with copying."
Text2
The y continues to struggle,and the weak March jobs report—just 88,000positions were added—briefly startled the market.But step back and you’ll e a bright spot,perhaps the best economic news the U.S.has witnesd since the ri of Silicon Valley:Made in the USA is making a comeback.Climbing out of the recession,the U.S.has en its manufacturing growth outpace that of other advanced nations.
American workers are busy making things that customers around the world want to buy—and defying the narrative of the nation’s suppodly inevitable manufacturing decline.
The past veral months alone have en some surprising reversals.Apple,famous
for the city-size factories in China that produce its gadgets,decided to asmble one of its Mac computer lines in the U.S.Walmart,which pioneered global sourcing to find the lowestpriced goods for customers,said it would pump up spending with American suppliers by $50billion over the next de
cade-and save money by doing so.And Airbus
will build JetBlue’s new jets in Alabama.
Some economists argue that the gains are a natural part of the business cycle,rather than a sustainable recovery in the ctor.But I would argue that the improvements of the last three years aren’t a blip.They are the sum of a powerful
equation refiguring the global economy.U.S.factories increasingly have access to cheap energy thanks to the incread availability of oil and gas.For companies outside the U.S.,it’s the opposite:high global oil prices translate into costlier fuel for ships and planes.And about tho low-cost plants:workers from China to India are demanding and getting bigger paychecks,while panies have won massive
concessions from unions over the past decade.Suddenly the math on outsourcing doesn’t look quite as attractive.
Today’s U.S.factories aren’t the noisy places where your grandfather knocked in four bolts a minute for eight hours a day.Dungarees and lunch pails are out;computer
skills and specialized training are in,since the new made-in-America economics is centered largely on cutting-edge technologies.The trick for panies is to develop new manufacturing techniques ahead of global competitors and then u them to produce goods more efficiently on superautomated factory floors.The factories of the future have more machines and fewer workers.The bar will only get higher:Some
experts believe it won’t be too long before employers will expect a four-year degree—a job qualification that will eventually be required in many other places around the world too.
Understanding this new look is critical if the U.S.wants to nurture manufacturing and grow jobs.There are implications for educators as well as policy-makers."Manufacturing is coming back,but it’s evolving into a very different type of animal than the one most people recognize today,"says James Manyika,a director at McKiny Global Institute who specializes in global high tech."We’re going to e new jobs,but nowhere near the number some people expect,especially in the short term."Still,if the U.S.can get this right,though,the payoff will be tremendous.
26.The good news is that
[A]America has climbed out of the recession.[B]the manufacturing ctor is recovering.[C]America sti
ll leads other advanced nations.[D]customers want to buy American goods.
27.The author differs from other economists in that he insists [A]the manufacturing growth is a sustainable recovery.[B]cheap oil price is the main cau for the recovery.[C]reduced labor cost has saved American economy.[D]a strong union is behind the improvements in business.28.The word "equation"(Para.3)probably means [A]a formula in mathematical model of economy.[B]a complex of variable elements or factors.[C]an obstacle that stands in the way of growth.[D]a calculation about the future economic trend.
29.Sustainable growth in manufacturing can only be brought about by [A]lower cost of labor.
[B]lower energy prices.[C]more machines but fewer workers.
[D]the latest techniques.
30.The author concludes the discussion by saying
[A]one should not expect too much of the manufacturing growth.[B]tremendous investment is needed to sustain the prent growth.[C]U.S.firms should make the best u of the current situation.[D]not many people have realized the importance of the new situation.
Text 3
We have a deep,probably intrinsic desire to know the future.Unfortunately for us,the future is deeply,intrinsically unknowable.This is the problem Dan Gardner tackles in Future Babble:Why Expert Predictions Are Next to Worthless,and You Can Do Better .It knows one big thing:that the future cannot be foretold,period,and that
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who try to predict it are deceiving themlves and the rest of us.In defen of that theory,Gardner dip
s into the science of unpredictability and the psychology of certainty.And he provides ca studies of failed prophets,in which the environmental scientist Paul Ehrlich,the historian Arnold Toynbee and the social critic James Howard Kunstler come in for a particularly hard time.
Many recent works explore similar ground,so if you’re in Gardner’s target audience,you’ve most likely encountered much of his material.Competition is not its own criticism,of cour,but Gardner struggles to distinguish himlf.Witness his fondness for overdetermined analogies.A video about the2008housing-market disaster"spread like a California wildfire in an abandoned housing development."
More worrisome than the literary laps are the intellectual ones.First,Gardner repeatedly fails to distinguish between different kinds of forecasters—e.g.,Ehrlich and the evangelist Hal Lindy.Undoubtedly we should be skeptical,but the reasoning is wrong.Just becau a policy analyst and Mysterious Madam Zelda both mispredict the future doesn’t make their predictions equivalent.The analyst’s prediction is moored in theory and evidence;if all other variables could be controlled,Fact A could cau Forecast B.Of cour,all other variables can’t be controlled,and so the analyst may be wrong.Religious and occult predictions,however,boast no causal logic whatsoever. Even when they’re right,they’re wrong.
More troubling still,Gardner perpetuates misunderstandings about the human mind."We live in the Information Age,"he writes,"but our brains are Stone Age." That is,we make mistakes becau our minds are eons out of date.This idea is the Noble Savage of pop neuroscience:a catchy,culturally convenient notion that is flat wrong.It’s easy to tell Just So stories about why we are the way we are,but they can’t be proved,and they often collap under even mild scrutiny.Gardner,for all his concern about prediction,has no worries about retrodiction,even of the distant, unknowable past.He writes enthusiastically about how we are"hard-wired"for this or that trick—say,to crave certainty.
What is most frustrating about all this iffy evolutionary psychology is that it reprents Gardner’s only real effort to understand why we obss about the future. True,back in the day,we needed to predict whether the rustling in the bushes was a predator or dinner.But"What happens next?"is a deep and wide question,one that extends far beyond Paleolithic perils.It is about suspen,curiosity,tension,desire, death.Gardner touches almost none of that.[487words]
31.Gardner holds that experts should________.
[A]endeavor to make scientific and accurate predictions
[B]learn from layman’s predicting experiences
[C]recognize the unpredictability of the future
[D]ba their predictions on psychology of certainty
32.The author suggests that the effect of analogies in Future Babble is________.
[A]disappointing[B]desirable[C]profound[D]questionable
33.In the author’s view,the predictions of Ehrlich and Hal Lindy are
________.
[A]identically wrong[B]theoretically similar
[C]logically identical[D]fundamentally different
34."Noble Savage"is mentioned in Paragraph4to show that Gardner’s idea about human brains________.
[A]helps us understand why we make mistakes
[B]can be ud to interpret the past
[C]lacks theoretical foundation
[D]agrees with what he does himlf
35.According to the last paragraph,Gardner’s explanation for our obssion of prediction is________.
[A]all-round[B]superficial[C]off the point[D]reasonable
Text4
An official report,addressing concerns about the many implications of genetic testing,outlined policy guidelines and legislative recommendations intended to avoid involuntary and/or ineffective testing,and to protect confidentiality.The report identified urgent concerns,such as quality control measures(including federal oversight for testing laboratories)and better genetics training for medical practitioners.
It recommended voluntary screening,urged couples in high-risk populations to consider carrier screening,and advid caution in using and interpreting
pre-symptomatic or predictive tests,becau certain information could easily be misud or misinterpreted.
About three in every100children are born with a vere disorder presumed to be genetic or partially genetic in origin.Genes,often in concert with environmental factors,
are being linked to the caus of many common adult dias such as heart dia, hypertension(high blood pressure),various cancers,Alzheimer’s dia,etc.Tests to determine predisposition to a variety of conditions are under study,and some are beginning to be applied.
The report recommended that all screening,including screening of newborns,be voluntary.Citing the results of two different voluntary newborn screening programs,
the report said the programs can achieve compliance rates equal to or better than
tho of obligatory programs;State health departments could eventually require the offering of tests for diagnosing treatable conditions in newborns,however,careful pilot studies for conditions diagnosable at birth need to be done
first.
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Although the report asrted that it would prefer that all screening be voluntary,it did note that if a sta
te requires newborn screening for a particular condition,the state should do so only if there is strong evidence that a newborn would benefit from effective treatment at the earliest possible age.Newborn screening is the most common type of genetic screening today.More than four million newborns are tested annually so that effective treatment can be started in a few hundred infants.
Prenatal
(preceding birth)testing can po the most difficult issues.The ability
to diagno genetic disorders in the fetus (胎儿)far exceeds any ability to treat or cure them.Parents must be fully informed about risks and benefits of testing procedures,the
nature and variability of the disorders they would disclo,and the options available if test results are positive.
Obtaining informed connt—a process that would include educating participants,not just processing documents—would enhance voluntary participation.When offered
testing,parents should receive comprehensive counling,which should be nondirective.Relevant medical advice,however,is recommended for treatable or preventable conditions.
Genetics also can predict whether certain dias might develop later in life.For
single-gene dias,population screening should only be considered for treatable or preventable conditions of relatively high frequency.Children should be tested only for disorders for which effective treatments or preventive measures could be applied early in life.
36.The report aims to ________.
[A]offer a detailed description of genetic testing process [B]stress the need for caution in the u of newborn screening [C]interpret the significance of genetic testing to the public
在职研究生报考条件2020年[D]state the chief points of the policy guidelines on genetic screening 37.Great care should be given to the employment of information in ________.[A]newborn screening [B]predictive tests [C]pilot studies
[D]informed connt
38.The phra "in concert with"(Line 2,Para.2)may be best replaced by ________.
[A]in contrast with
[B]on account of [C]with relation to [D]in company with
39.One intention of the policy guidelines was to ________.[A]prerve privacy in genetic testing
[B]implement compulsory testing
[C]minimize concerns about quality control [D]endor the expansion of screening programs
40.According to the report,states should implement obligatory infant screening only ________.
[A]if the compliance rate for voluntary screening is low [B]for mothers who are at high risk for genetic dia [C]after very careful rearch is undertaken [D]to avoid the abu of nsitive information Part B
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions 41～45,you are required to reorganize the paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A ～G to fill them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs B and C have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET .(10points)
[A]But the respon of national test enthusiasts has been to introduce yet more tests.The single level tests,now being piloted,risk making things wor as long as they remain connected to national reporting and target tting.The current plan is for twice-a-year testing slots,just piling up the stress on staff,which is unfortunately but inevitably transmitted to most children.The pity is that just a bit of modification of the proposals for single level tests would result in a much better system.The excellent aspirations for them voiced by Mr Balls could become a reality,if they really were under the control of teachers without the tyranny of targets.
[B]Like other education ministers before him,Ed Balls has been badly briefed about tests.Every teacher knows that it’s necessary to test pupils.The problems start when they have the wrong kinds of tests,and the results are ud for too many purpos—at least 18in England according to one nior figure.When tests are ud for high-stakes targets,things start to go badly wrong.
[C]And the damage that would be prevented?A generation of young people who know how to pass tests,but do not know how to learn,who think education is just about certificates,but lack intrinsic commitment to lifelong learning.And the capacity for lifelong learning is what will mark out successful societies in this new century.
[D]This year’s SATs marking disaster has laid bare the ca that the Association of Teachers and Lecturers,and others,have been making for years.This huge testing exerci is just not value for money.The results are insufficiently reliable at school level,and we could get the same national indicators of how well pupils and schools are performing with a small national sample,the way other countries do.The same problems—of inflated results due to teaching to the test,which infect
A-levels—also
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