If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably reprent civil rvant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public ctor pasd that of their fellow members in the private ctor. In Britain, more than half of public-ctor workers but only about 15% of private-ctor ones are unionized.
There are three reasons for the public-ctor unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of conquences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-ctor workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-ctor unions.
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easiAt the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions.生活大爆炸第3季
The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.
In many rich countries average wages in the state ctor are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-ctor pay deals, keeping the pay increas modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.
specificallyReform has been vigorously oppod, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.
As the cost to everyone el has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public ctor suffer under the current system, too.
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John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil rvices suit tho who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-ctor workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-ctor system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.
36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that
[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.
[B] Jimmy Hoffa ud to work as a civil rvant.
[C] unions have enlarged their public-ctor membership.
[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.
37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?
[A] Public-ctor unions are prudent in taking actions.
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[B] Education is required for public-ctor union membership.
[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-ctor unions.
[D]Public-ctor unions ldom get in trouble for their actions.
38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state ctor is
[A] illegally cured.起立的英语怎么读
[B] indirectly augmented.
[C] excessively incread.
[D]fairly adjusted.
39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions
[A]often run against the current political system.
[B]can change people’s political attitudes.
[C]may be a barrier to public-ctor reforms.
[D]are dominant in the government.
jacquelineunplug40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-ctor system is one of
[A]disapproval.
[B]appreciation.
[C]tolerance.
[D]indifference.
Part B
Directions:眼部皮肤保养
In the following text, some ntences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choo the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）
Think of tho fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and reali that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at tho marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.
The cond half of the 20th century saw a collection of genius, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)
